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Most sentence embedding techniques heavily rely on expensive human-annotated sentence pairs as the supervised signals. Despite the use of large-scale unlabeled data, the performance of unsupervised methods typically lags far behind that of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Yiming Chen , Yan Zhang , Bin Wang , Zuozhu Liu , Haizhou Li

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 are capable of generating highly fluent responses to a wide variety of user prompts. However, LLMs are known to hallucinate facts and make non-factual statements which can undermine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Potsawee Manakul , Adian Liusie , Mark J. F. Gales

Zero-shot methods detect LLM-generated text by computing statistical signatures using a surrogate model. Existing approaches typically employ a fixed surrogate for all inputs regardless of the unknown source. We systematically examine this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ke Sun , Guangsheng Bao , Han Cui , Yue Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have convincing performance in a variety of downstream tasks. However, these systems are prone to generating undesirable outputs such as harmful and biased text. In order to remedy such generations, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Manish Nagireddy , Inkit Padhi , Soumya Ghosh , Prasanna Sattigeri

We propose a system for marking sensitive or copyrighted texts to detect their use in fine-tuning large language models under black-box access with statistical guarantees. Our method builds digital ``marks'' using invisible Unicode…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yanming Li , Cédric Eichler , Nicolas Anciaux , Alexandra Bensamoun , Lorena Gonzalez Manzano , Seifeddine Ghozzi

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to applications such as question answering and content creation, reliable content attribution has become increasingly important. Watermarking is a promising approach, but most existing methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ya Jiang , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Surender Suresh Kumar , Kai Zeng

To evaluate large language models (LLMs) for code, research has used manually created unit test-based benchmarks. However, these tests are often inadequate, missing corner cases and other implementation-specific oddities. This work…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Miltiadis Allamanis , Pengcheng Yin

The rampant proliferation of large language models, fluent enough to generate text indistinguishable from human-written language, gives unprecedented importance to the detection of machine-generated text. This work is motivated by an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xiao Pu , Jingyu Zhang , Xiaochuang Han , Yulia Tsvetkov , Tianxing He

This paper introduces a novel Bayesian learning model to explain the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on their core optimization metric of next token prediction. We develop a theoretical framework based on an ideal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Siddhartha Dalal , Vishal Misra

In this paper, we study the problem of detecting machine-generated text when the large language model (LLM) it is possibly derived from is unknown. We do so by apply ensembling methods to the outputs from DetectGPT classifiers (Mitchell et…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ivan Ong , Boon King Quek

LLM-as-Benchmark-Generator methods have been widely studied as a supplement to human annotators for scalable evaluation, while the potential biases within this paradigm remain underexplored. In this work, we systematically define and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Peiwen Yuan , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Xinglin Wang , Yueqi Zhang , Jiayi Shi , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

With the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) and the huge amount of text they generated, it becomes more and more impractical to manually distinguish whether a text is machine-generated. Given the growing use of LLMs in social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Jinyan Su , Terry Yue Zhuo , Di Wang , Preslav Nakov

Recent advances in image generation have led to the widespread availability of highly realistic synthetic media, increasing the difficulty of reliable deepfake detection. A key challenge is generalization, as detectors trained on a narrow…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Yichen Jiang , Mohammed Talha Alam , Sohail Ahmed Khan , Duc-Tien Dang-Nguyen , Fakhri Karray

The detection of machine-generated text, especially from large language models (LLMs), is crucial in preventing serious social problems resulting from their misuse. Some methods train dedicated detectors on specific datasets but fall short…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Yibo Miao , Hongcheng Gao , Hao Zhang , Zhijie Deng

In machine learning, contamination refers to situations where testing data leak into the training set. The issue is particularly relevant for the evaluation of the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), which are generally trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Nicolas Yax , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer , Stefano Palminteri

With the advent of larger and more complex deep learning models, such as in Natural Language Processing (NLP), model qualities like explainability and interpretability, albeit highly desirable, are becoming harder challenges to tackle and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Amrita Bhattacharjee , Raha Moraffah , Joshua Garland , Huan Liu

In this paper, we present a new wrapper feature selection approach based on Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence, termed feature selection with maximum JS-divergence (FSMJ), for text categorization. Unlike most existing feature selection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-22 Bo Tang , Haibo He

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has gained traction for its ability to learn rich representations with low labeling costs, applicable across diverse downstream tasks. However, assessing the downstream-task performance remains challenging due…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Maekaku , Keita Goto , Jinchuan Tian , Yusuke Shinohara , Shinji Watanabe

This paper introduces a framework that connects a deep generative pre-trained Transformer language model with a generative adversarial network for semi-supervised text generation. In other words, the proposed model is first pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shengquan Wang

Watermarking is a technique that involves embedding nearly unnoticeable statistical signals within generated content to help trace its source. This work focuses on a scenario where an untrusted third-party user sends prompts to a trusted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xingchi Li , Guanxun Li , Xianyang Zhang