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Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing but exhibit limitations, particularly in autonomously addressing novel challenges such as reasoning and problem-solving. Traditional techniques like…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Sumedh Rasal

Reward is critical to the evaluation and training of large language models (LLMs). However, existing rule-based or model-based reward methods struggle to generalize to GUI agents, where access to ground-truth trajectories or application…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Gaole Dai , Shiqi Jiang , Ting Cao , Yuqing Yang , Yuanchun Li , Rui Tan , Mo Li , Lili Qiu

Developing autonomous agents for web-based tasks is a core challenge in AI. While Large Language Model (LLM) agents can interpret complex user requests, they often operate as black boxes, making it difficult to diagnose why they fail or how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Orit Shahnovsky , Rotem Dror

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has paved the way for the development of highly capable autonomous agents. However, existing multi-agent frameworks often struggle with integrating diverse capable third-party agents due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Weize Chen , Ziming You , Ran Li , Yitong Guan , Chen Qian , Chenyang Zhao , Cheng Yang , Ruobing Xie , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

The vision of a broadly capable and goal-directed agent, such as an Internet-browsing agent in the digital world and a household humanoid in the physical world, has rapidly advanced, thanks to the generalization capability of foundation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yifei Zhou , Qianlan Yang , Kaixiang Lin , Min Bai , Xiong Zhou , Yu-Xiong Wang , Sergey Levine , Erran Li

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a powerful paradigm for solving complex, multifaceted problems. However, the potential of these systems is often constrained by the prevalent plan-and-execute…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yexuan Shi , Mingyu Wang , Yunxiang Cao , Hongjie Lai , Junjian Lan , Xin Han , Yu Wang , Jie Geng , Zhenan Li , Zihao Xia , Xiang Chen , Chen Li , Jian Xu , Wenbo Duan , Yuanshuo Zhu

LLM-based agents are increasingly moving towards proactivity: rather than awaiting instruction, they exercise agency to anticipate user needs and solve them autonomously. However, evaluating proactivity is challenging; current benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Gil Pasternak , Dheeraj Rajagopal , Julia White , Dhruv Atreja , Matthew Thomas , George Hurn-Maloney , Ash Lewis

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit robust problem-solving capabilities for diverse tasks. However, most LLM-based agents are designed as specific task solvers with sophisticated prompt engineering, rather than agents capable of learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Wenqi Zhang , Ke Tang , Hai Wu , Mengna Wang , Yongliang Shen , Guiyang Hou , Zeqi Tan , Peng Li , Yueting Zhuang , Weiming Lu

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. However, EAs often demand carefully-designed operators with the aid of domain expertise to achieve satisfactory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Shengcai Liu , Caishun Chen , Xinghua Qu , Ke Tang , Yew-Soon Ong

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have revolutionized natural language processing, showing remarkable linguistic proficiency and reasoning capabilities. However, their application in strategic multi-agent decision-making environments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Chuanhao Li , Runhan Yang , Tiankai Li , Milad Bafarassat , Kourosh Sharifi , Dirk Bergemann , Zhuoran Yang

The recent advance in Large Language Models (LLMs) has shaped a new paradigm of AI agents, i.e., LLM-based agents. Compared to standalone LLMs, LLM-based agents substantially extend the versatility and expertise of LLMs by enhancing LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Junwei Liu , Kaixin Wang , Yixuan Chen , Xin Peng , Zhenpeng Chen , Lingming Zhang , Yiling Lou

While numerous frameworks have been developed to enhance the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), there is a scarcity of methods that effectively balance the trade-off between cost and quality. In this paper, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Lars Klein , Nearchos Potamitis , Roland Aydin , Robert West , Caglar Gulcehre , Akhil Arora

When automating plan generation for a real-world sequential decision problem, the goal is often not to replace the human planner, but to facilitate an iterative reasoning and elicitation process, where the human's role is to guide the AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Guilhem Fouilhé , Rebecca Eifler , Antonin Poché , Sylvie Thiébaux , Nicholas Asher

We introduce a novel large language model (LLM)-driven agent framework, which iteratively refines queries and filters contextual evidence by leveraging dynamically evolving knowledge. A defining feature of the system is its decoupling of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Seyoung Song

High-quality prompts are crucial for Large Language Models (LLMs) to achieve exceptional performance. However, manually crafting effective prompts is labor-intensive and demands significant domain expertise, limiting its scalability.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zheng Dong , Luming Shang , Gabriela Olinto

Multi-agent AI systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to solve complex tasks. However, these systems often rely on fragile, manually designed prompts and heuristics, making optimization difficult. A key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Wanjia Zhao , Mert Yuksekgonul , Shirley Wu , James Zou

Agentic AI has significantly extended the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by enabling complex reasoning and tool use. However, most existing frameworks are tailored to domains such as mathematics, coding, or web automation, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Md Hasebul Hasan , Mahir Labib Dihan , Tanzima Hashem , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Md Rizwan Parvez

Agentic workflows, where multiple AI agents collaborate to accomplish complex tasks like reasoning or planning, play a substantial role in many cutting-edge commercial applications, and continue to fascinate researchers across fields for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Deepak Pandita , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Ankit Parag Shah , Isabelle Diana May-Xin Ng , Christopher M. Homan , Wei Wei

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has reshaped agent systems. Unlike traditional rule-based agents with limited task scope, LLM-powered agents offer greater flexibility, cross-domain reasoning, and natural language interaction.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Guannan Liang , Qianqian Tong

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to significantly enhance human productivity by reasoning, using tools, and executing complex tasks in diverse environments. However, current approaches to…