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Recently, there has been an increasing interest in automated prompt optimization based on reinforcement learning (RL). This approach offers important advantages, such as generating interpretable prompts and being compatible with black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Dong-Ki Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Dongsub Shim , Honglak Lee

Prompt design plays a crucial role in text-to-video (T2V) generation, yet user-provided prompts are often short, unstructured, and misaligned with training data, limiting the generative potential of diffusion-based T2V models. We present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Bingjie Gao , Qianli Ma , Xiaoxue Wu , Shuai Yang , Guanzhou Lan , Haonan Zhao , Jiaxuan Chen , Qingyang Liu , Yu Qiao , Xinyuan Chen , Yaohui Wang , Li Niu

Highly effective, task-specific prompts are often heavily engineered by experts to integrate detailed instructions and domain insights based on a deep understanding of both instincts of large language models (LLMs) and the intricacies of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Xinyuan Wang , Chenxi Li , Zhen Wang , Fan Bai , Haotian Luo , Jiayou Zhang , Nebojsa Jojic , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) is a powerful approach for extracting performance from large language models without modifying their weights. Many existing methods rely on trial-and-error, testing different prompts or in-context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mayank Singh , Vikas Yadav , Eduardo Blanco

We investigate a general approach for improving user prompts in text-to-image (T2I) diffusion models by finding prompts that maximize a reward function specified at test-time. Although diverse reward models are used for evaluating image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Semin Kim , Yeonwoo Cha , Jaehoon Yoo , Seunghoon Hong

Impressive advances in text-to-image (T2I) generative models have yielded a plethora of high performing models which are able to generate aesthetically appealing, photorealistic images. Despite the progress, these models still struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Oscar Mañas , Pietro Astolfi , Melissa Hall , Candace Ross , Jack Urbanek , Adina Williams , Aishwarya Agrawal , Adriana Romero-Soriano , Michal Drozdzal

When generating images from prompts that include specific entities, the model must retain as much entity-specific knowledge as possible. However, the number of entities is almost countless, and new entities emerge; memorizing all of them…

Text-to-image generation has advanced rapidly, yet aligning complex textual prompts with generated visuals remains challenging, especially with intricate object relationships and fine-grained details. This paper introduces Fast Prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Khalil Mrini , Hanlin Lu , Linjie Yang , Weilin Huang , Heng Wang

Despite recent progress in text-to-image (T2I) generation, existing models often struggle to faithfully capture user intentions from short and under-specified prompts. While prior work has attempted to enhance prompts using large language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Mingrui Wu , Lu Wang , Pu Zhao , Fangkai Yang , Jianjin Zhang , Jianfeng Liu , Yuefeng Zhan , Weihao Han , Hao Sun , Jiayi Ji , Xiaoshuai Sun , Qingwei Lin , Weiwei Deng , Dongmei Zhang , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang , Rongrong Ji

Prompt engineering is a powerful tool used to enhance the performance of pre-trained models on downstream tasks. For example, providing the prompt "Let's think step by step" improved GPT-3's reasoning accuracy to 63% on MutiArith while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Cheng Shi , Sibei Yang

Recent progress in generative models, especially in text-guided diffusion models, has enabled the production of aesthetically-pleasing imagery resembling the works of professional human artists. However, one has to carefully compose the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Nikita Pavlichenko , Dmitry Ustalov

Text-to-image generative models, specifically those based on diffusion models like Imagen and Stable Diffusion, have made substantial advancements. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the delicate refinement of text prompts.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Wenyi Mo , Tianyu Zhang , Yalong Bai , Bing Su , Ji-Rong Wen , Qing Yang

We present a framework for optimizing prompts in vision-language models to elicit multimodal reasoning without model retraining. Using an evolutionary algorithm to guide prompt updates downstream of visual tasks, our approach improves upon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Sid Bharthulwar , John Rho , Katrina Brown

Since the release of ChatGPT, generative models have achieved tremendous success and become the de facto approach for various NLP tasks. However, its application in the field of input methods remains under-explored. Many neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Keyu Ding , Yongcan Wang , Zihang Xu , Zhenzhen Jia , Shijin Wang , Cong Liu , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, while recent prompting strategies such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) have further elevated their performance in handling complex logical problems.…

Environment designers in the entertainment industry create imaginative 2D and 3D scenes for games, films, and television, requiring both fine-grained control of specific details and consistent global coherence. Designers have increasingly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wen-Fan Wang , Ting-Ying Lee , Chien-Ting Lu , Che-Wei Hsu , Nil Ponsa Campanyà , Yu Chen , Mike Y. Chen , Bing-Yu Chen

The notable gap between user-provided and model-preferred prompts poses a significant challenge for generating high-quality images with text-to-image models, compelling the need for prompt engineering. Current studies on prompt engineering…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Shiyu Wu , Mingzhen Sun , Weining Wang , Yequan Wang , Jing Liu

Recently, diffusion-based deep generative models (e.g., Stable Diffusion) have shown impressive results in text-to-image synthesis. However, current text-to-image models often require multiple passes of prompt engineering by humans in order…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Tingfeng Cao , Chengyu Wang , Bingyan Liu , Ziheng Wu , Jinhui Zhu , Jun Huang

Generative models have achieved impressive fidelity in text-to-image synthesis, yet struggle with complex compositional prompts involving multiple constraints. We introduce \textbf{M3 (Multi-Modal, Multi-Agent, Multi-Round)}, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Bangji Yang , Ruihan Guo , Jiajun Fan , Chaoran Cheng , Ge Liu

TIPO (Text-to-Image Prompt Optimization) introduces an efficient approach for automatic prompt refinement in text-to-image (T2I) generation. Starting from simple user prompts, TIPO leverages a lightweight pre-trained model to expand these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Shih-Ying Yeh , Yi Li , Sang-Hyun Park , Giyeong Oh , Xuehai Wang , Min Song , Youngjae Yu , Shang-Hong Lai