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Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) with thinking traces have shown strong performance on English reasoning tasks. However, their ability to think in other languages is less studied. This capability is as important as answer accuracy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Jirui Qi , Shan Chen , Zidi Xiong , Raquel Fernández , Danielle S. Bitterman , Arianna Bisazza

Reinforcement learning has been successful in many tasks ranging from robotic control, games, energy management etc. In complex real world environments with sparse rewards and long task horizons, sample efficiency is still a major…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Bharat Prakash , Nicholas Waytowich , Tim Oates , Tinoosh Mohsenin

Language enables humans to share knowledge, reason about the world, and pass on strategies for survival and innovation across generations. At the heart of this process is not just the ability to communicate but also the remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Jan Philip Wahle

Large Language Models (LLMs), often show strong performance on English tasks, while exhibiting limitations on other languages. What is an LLM's multilingual capability when it is trained only on certain languages? The underlying mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Fei Yuan , Shuai Yuan , Zhiyong Wu , Lei Li

Modern large-scale Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved tremendous success on a wide range of downstream tasks. However, most of the LM pre-training objectives only focus on text reconstruction, but have not sought to learn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Liliang Ren , Zixuan Zhang , Han Wang , Clare R. Voss , Chengxiang Zhai , Heng Ji

Multilingual pre-trained language models transfer remarkably well on cross-lingual downstream tasks. However, the extent to which they learn language-neutral representations (i.e., shared representations that encode similar phenomena across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Negar Foroutan , Mohammadreza Banaei , Remi Lebret , Antoine Bosselut , Karl Aberer

The emergent cross-lingual transfer seen in multilingual pretrained models has sparked significant interest in studying their behavior. However, because these analyses have focused on fully trained multilingual models, little is known about…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Terra Blevins , Hila Gonen , Luke Zettlemoyer

Multilingual reasoning remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs), with performance disproportionately favoring high-resource languages. Drawing inspiration from cognitive neuroscience, which suggests that human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Weixiang Zhao , Jiahe Guo , Yang Deng , Tongtong Wu , Wenxuan Zhang , Yulin Hu , Xingyu Sui , Yanyan Zhao , Wanxiang Che , Bing Qin , Tat-Seng Chua , Ting Liu

Large language models have shown unprecedented abilities in generating linguistically coherent and syntactically correct natural language output. However, they often return incorrect and inconsistent answers to input questions. Due to the…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Jasmin Mousavi , Arash Termehchy

Symbolic perturbations offer a novel approach for influencing neural representations without requiring direct modification of model parameters. The recursive regeneration of symbolic structures introduces structured variations in latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Kathlyn Eaglewood , Tobias Featherington , Dorian Mayfair , Sylvester Grimshaw , James Pettigrew

Large language models demonstrate limited capability in proficiency-controlled sentence simplification, particularly when simplifying across large readability levels. We propose a framework that decomposes complex simplifications into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jingshen Zhang , Xin Ying Qiu , Lifang Lu , Zhuhua Huang , Yutao Hu , Yuechang Wu , JunYu Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive translation capabilities even without being explicitly trained on parallel data. This remarkable property has led some to believe that parallel data is no longer necessary for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Muhammad Reza Qorib , Junyi Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Associative learning--forming links between co-occurring items--is fundamental to human cognition, reshaping internal representations in complex ways. Testing hypotheses on how representational changes occur in biological systems is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Camila Kolling , Vy Ai Vo , Mariya Toneva

Crosslingual transfer is crucial to contemporary language models' multilingual capabilities, but how it occurs is not well understood. We ask what happens to a monolingual language model when it begins to be trained on a second language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Catherine Arnett , Tyler A. Chang , James A. Michaelov , Benjamin K. Bergen

Recent studies have highlighted the potential of exploiting parallel corpora to enhance multilingual large language models, improving performance in both bilingual tasks, e.g., machine translation, and general-purpose tasks, e.g., text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Peiqin Lin , André F. T. Martins , Hinrich Schütze

Subword tokenizers trained on multilingual corpora naturally produce overlapping tokens across languages. Does token overlap facilitate cross-lingual transfer or instead introduce interference between languages? Prior work offers mixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Julie Kallini , Dan Jurafsky , Christopher Potts , Martijn Bartelds

Recent studies have suggested a processing framework for multilingual inputs in decoder-based LLMs: early layers convert inputs into English-centric and language-agnostic representations; middle layers perform reasoning within an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hinata Tezuka , Naoya Inoue

Counterfactuals refer to minimally edited inputs that cause a model's prediction to change, serving as a promising approach to explaining the model's behavior. Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating English counterfactuals and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Qianli Wang , Van Bach Nguyen , Yihong Liu , Fedor Splitt , Nils Feldhus , Christin Seifert , Hinrich Schütze , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

Simulation is an invaluable tool for developing and evaluating controllers for self-driving cars. Current simulation frameworks are driven by highly-specialist domain specific languages, and so a natural language interface would greatly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Antonio Valerio Miceli-Barone , Alex Lascarides , Craig Innes

Multilingual speech-text models rely on cross-modal language alignment to transfer knowledge between speech and text, but it remains unclear whether this reflects shared computation for the same language or modality-specific processing. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Toshiki Nakai , Varsha Suresh , Vera Demberg