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In the research area of image super-resolution, Swin-transformer-based models are favored for their global spatial modeling and shifting window attention mechanism. However, existing methods often limit self-attention to non overlapping…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-11 Song-Jiang Lai , Tsun-Hin Cheung , Ka-Chun Fung , Kai-wen Xue , Kin-Man Lam

The attention mechanism is a pivotal element within the transformer architecture, making a substantial contribution to its exceptional performance. Within this attention mechanism, Softmax is an imperative component that enables the model…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Tianhua Xia , Sai Qian Zhang

Scaling language models to handle longer contexts introduces substantial memory challenges due to the growing cost of key-value (KV) caches. Motivated by the efficiency gains of hybrid models and the broad availability of pretrained large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xuan Zhang , Fengzhuo Zhang , Cunxiao Du , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Wei Gao , Min Lin

The encoder-decoder is the typical framework for Neural Machine Translation (NMT), and different structures have been developed for improving the translation performance. Transformer is one of the most promising structures, which can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Kaitao Song , Xu Tan , Furong Peng , Jianfeng Lu

The per-token cost of transformer inference scales with context length, preventing its application to lifelong in-context learning. Linear attention is an efficient alternative that maintains a constant memory footprint, even on infinite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Luke McDermott , Robert W. Heath , Rahul Parhi

In recent years, employing layer attention to enhance interaction among hierarchical layers has proven to be a significant advancement in building network structures. In this paper, we delve into the distinction between layer attention and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Kaishen Wang , Xun Xia , Jian Liu , Zhang Yi , Tao He

Widely adopted in modern Vision Transformer designs, Softmax attention can effectively capture long-range visual information; however, it incurs excessive computational cost when dealing with high-resolution inputs. In contrast, linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Dongchen Han , Yifan Pu , Zhuofan Xia , Yizeng Han , Xuran Pan , Xiu Li , Jiwen Lu , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

This paper introduces Exact Linear Attention (ELA), a mechanism that achieves linear computational complexity for Transformer attention by exploiting the exact decomposition property of kernel functions, thereby eliminating approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Weinuo Ou

Balancing fine-grained local modeling with long-range dependency capture under computational constraints remains a central challenge in sequence modeling. While Transformers provide strong token mixing, they suffer from quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Youjin Wang , Jiaqiao Zhao , Rong Fu , Run Zhou , Ruizhe Zhang , Jiani Liang , Suisuai Cao , Feng Zhou

Multi-head attention (MHA) has become the cornerstone of modern large language models, enhancing representational capacity through parallel attention heads. However, increasing the number of heads inherently weakens individual head…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhanchao Zhou , Xiaodong Chen , Haoxing Chen , Zhenzhong Lan , Jianguo Li

Attention mechanisms underpin the computational power of Transformer models, which have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. Yet understanding and extending the principles underlying self-attention remains a key challenge for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Cheng Kevin Qu , Andrew Ly , Pulin Gong

Current hierarchical attention methods, such as NSA and InfLLMv2, select the top-k relevant key-value (KV) blocks based on coarse attention scores and subsequently apply fine-grained softmax attention on the selected tokens. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuxiang Huang , Nuno M. T. Gonçalves , Federico Alvetreti , Lei Li , Xu Han , Edoardo M. Ponti , André F. T. Martins , Marcos V. Treviso

The Softmax attention mechanism in Transformer models is notoriously computationally expensive, particularly due to its quadratic complexity, posing significant challenges in vision applications. In contrast, linear attention provides a far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Qihang Fan , Huaibo Huang , Ran He

Most models of visual attention aim at predicting either top-down or bottom-up control, as studied using different visual search and free-viewing tasks. In this paper we propose the Human Attention Transformer (HAT), a single model that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Zhibo Yang , Sounak Mondal , Seoyoung Ahn , Ruoyu Xue , Gregory Zelinsky , Minh Hoai , Dimitris Samaras

While Transformer architecture excel at modeling long-range dependencies contributing to its widespread adoption in vision tasks the quadratic complexity of softmax-based attention mechanisms imposes a major bottleneck, particularly when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuan Cao , Dong Wang

Long-context understanding is crucial for many NLP applications, yet transformers struggle with efficiency due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. Sparse attention methods alleviate this cost but often impose static, predefined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Hanzhi Zhang , Heng Fan , Kewei Sha , Yan Huang , Yunhe Feng

Attention mechanisms have become ubiquitous in NLP. Recent architectures, notably the Transformer, learn powerful context-aware word representations through layered, multi-headed attention. The multiple heads learn diverse types of word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Gonçalo M. Correia , Vlad Niculae , André F. T. Martins

In recent years, Vision Transformers have attracted increasing interest from computer vision researchers. However, the advantage of these transformers over CNNs is only fully manifested when trained over a large dataset, mainly due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Itamar Zimerman , Lior Wolf

More and more evidence has shown that strengthening layer interactions can enhance the representation power of a deep neural network, while self-attention excels at learning interdependencies by retrieving query-activated information.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Yanwen Fang , Yuxi Cai , Jintai Chen , Jingyu Zhao , Guangjian Tian , Guodong Li

The Transformer architecture has become a cornerstone of modern artificial intelligence, but its core self-attention mechanism suffers from a complexity bottleneck that scales quadratically with sequence length, severely limiting its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Zhongpan Tang