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Sparse matrix-sparse matrix multiplication (SpGEMM) is a key kernel in many scientific applications and graph workloads. Unfortunately, SpGEMM is bottlenecked by data movement due to its irregular memory access patterns. Significant work…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Abdullah Al Raqibul Islam , Helen Xu , Dong Dai , Aydın Buluç

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a critical operation underpinning a wide range of applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI). The emergence of hardware optimized for low-precision arithmetic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Qiao Zhang , Rabab Alomairy , Dali Wang , Zhuowei Gu , Qinglei Cao

Ternary quantization has emerged as a powerful technique for reducing both computational and memory footprint of large language models (LLM), enabling efficient real-time inference deployment without significantly compromising model…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zhirui Huang , Rui Ma , Shijie Cao , Ran Shu , Ian Wang , Ting Cao , Chixiao Chen , Yongqiang Xiong

Many scientific computing problems can be reduced to Matrix-Matrix Multiplications (MMM), making the General Matrix Multiply (GEMM) kernels in the Basic Linear Algebra Subroutine (BLAS) of interest to the high-performance computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Louis Ledoux , Marc Casas

General matrix multiplication (GEMM) is a fundamental operation in deep learning (DL). With DL moving increasingly toward low precision, recent works have proposed novel unary GEMM designs as an alternative to conventional binary GEMM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Prabhu Vellaisamy , Harideep Nair , Di Wu , Shawn Blanton , John Paul Shen

Scientific workloads have traditionally exploited high levels of sparsity to accelerate computation and reduce memory requirements. While deep neural networks can be made sparse, achieving practical speedups on GPUs is difficult because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Trevor Gale , Matei Zaharia , Cliff Young , Erich Elsen

Sparse matrix-matrix multiplication (SpGEMM) is a widely used kernel in various graph, scientific computing and machine learning algorithms. It is well known that SpGEMM is a memory-bound operation, and its peak performance is expected to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Zhixiang Gu , Jose Moreira , David Edelsohn , Ariful Azad

To alleviate the memory bandwidth bottleneck in Large Language Model (LLM) inference workloads, weight matrices are stored in memory in quantized and sparsified formats. Hence, before tiles of these matrices can be processed by in-core…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Gerasimos Gerogiannis , Stijn Eyerman , Evangelos Georganas , Wim Heirman , Josep Torrellas

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a fundamental operation in many scientific workloads, signal processing, and particularly deep learning. It is often a bottleneck for performance and energy efficiency, especially in edge environments…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ilias Papalamprou , Dimosthenis Masouros , Ioannis Loudaros , Francky Catthoor , Dimitrios Soudris

In recent years, Transformer-based language models have become the standard approach for natural language processing tasks. However, stringent throughput and latency requirements in industrial applications are limiting their adoption. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Haihao Shen , Hengyu Meng , Bo Dong , Zhe Wang , Ofir Zafrir , Yi Ding , Yu Luo , Hanwen Chang , Qun Gao , Ziheng Wang , Guy Boudoukh , Moshe Wasserblat

Sparse matrix-matrix multiplication (SpGEMM) is a widely used kernel in various graph, scientific computing and machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we consider SpGEMMs performed on hundreds of thousands of processors generating…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Md Taufique Hussain , Oguz Selvitopi , Aydin Buluç , Ariful Azad

Many recent GPUs feature matrix multiplication engines (aka Tensor Core Units or TCUs) that perform small fixed-size matrix-matrix products at very high throughput. They have been used very effectively to speed up dense matrix-matrix…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lizhi Xiang , Omid Asudeh , Gerald Sabin , Aravind Sukumaran-Rajam , P. Sadayappan

Deep Learning (DL) acceleration support in CPUs has recently gained a lot of traction, with several companies (Arm, Intel, IBM) announcing products with specialized matrix engines accessible via GEMM instructions. CPUs are pervasive and…

Sparse General Matrix Multiply (SpGEMM) is key for various High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications such as genomics and graph analytics. Using the semiring abstraction, many algorithms can be formulated as SpGEMM, allowing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Thomas McFarland , Julian Bellavita , Giulia Guidi

Tensor contraction (TC) is an important computational kernel widely used in numerous applications. It is a multi-dimensional generalization of matrix multiplication (GEMM). While Strassen's algorithm for GEMM is well studied in theory and…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Jianyu Huang , Devin A. Matthews , Robert A. van de Geijn

Recent advances in LLMs have outpaced the computational and memory capacities of edge platforms that primarily employ CPUs, thereby challenging efficient and scalable deployment. While ternary quantization enables significant resource…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyunwoo Oh , KyungIn Nam , Rajat Bhattacharjya , Hanning Chen , Tamoghno Das , Sanggeon Yun , Suyeon Jang , Andrew Ding , Nikil Dutt , Mohsen Imani

We present an optimized single-precision implementation of the Sparse Approximate Matrix Multiply (\SpAMM{}) [M. Challacombe and N. Bock, arXiv {\bf 1011.3534} (2010)], a fast algorithm for matrix-matrix multiplication for matrices with…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2012-09-05 Nicolas Bock , Matt Challacombe

Sparse matrices, more specifically SpGEMM kernels, are commonly found in a wide range of applications, spanning graph-based path-finding to machine learning algorithms (e.g., neural networks). A particular challenge in implementing SpGEMM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Kaustubh Shivdikar

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (spMVM) is the most time-consuming kernel in many numerical algorithms and has been studied extensively on all modern processor and accelerator architectures. However, the optimal sparse matrix data…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2014-10-21 Moritz Kreutzer , Georg Hager , Gerhard Wellein , Holger Fehske , Alan R. Bishop

The devices designed for the Internet-of-Things encompass a large variety of distinct processor architectures, forming a highly heterogeneous zoo. In order to tackle this, we employ a simulator to estimate the performance of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Cristian Ramírez , Adrián Castelló , Héctor Martínez , Enrique S. Quintana-Ortí