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Reinforcement learning has become the central approach for language models (LMs) to learn from environmental reward or feedback. In practice, the environmental feedback is usually sparse and delayed. Learning from such signals is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Taiwei Shi , Sihao Chen , Bowen Jiang , Linxin Song , Longqi Yang , Jieyu Zhao

Language Model Agents (LMAs) are emerging as a powerful primitive for augmenting red-team operations. They can support attack planning, adversary emulation, and the orchestration of multi-step activity such as lateral movement, a core…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Mohammad Mamun , Mohamed Gaber , Scott Buffett , Sherif Saad

We introduce a new programming language for expressing reversibility, Energy-Efficient Language (Eel), geared toward algorithm design and implementation. Eel is the first language to take advantage of a partially reversible computation…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-05-30 Nirvan Tyagi , Jayson Lynch , Erik D. Demaine

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been widely used to underpin various downstream tasks. However, the adversarial attack task has found that PLMs are vulnerable to small perturbations. Mainstream methods adopt a detached two-stage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Xuanjie Fang , Sijie Cheng , Yang Liu , Wei Wang

Reinforcement learning is a promising approach for learning control policies for robot tasks. However, specifying complex tasks (e.g., with multiple objectives and safety constraints) can be challenging, since the user must design a reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Kishor Jothimurugan , Rajeev Alur , Osbert Bastani

Writing exploits for security assessment is a challenging task. The writer needs to master programming and obfuscation techniques to develop a successful exploit. To make the task easier, we propose an approach (EVIL) to automatically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Pietro Liguori , Erfan Al-Hossami , Vittorio Orbinato , Roberto Natella , Samira Shaikh , Domenico Cotroneo , Bojan Cukic

The widespread adoption of code language models in software engineering tasks has exposed vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks, especially the identifier substitution attacks. Although existing identifier substitution attackers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Wenhan Mu , Ling Xu , Shuren Pei , Le Mi , Huichi Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal component of large language model (LLM) post-training, and agentic RL extends this paradigm to operate as agents through multi-turn interaction and tool use. Scaling such systems exposes two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zheyue Tan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Tuo Shi , Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Bo Zhao

Attack graphs are one of the main techniques used to automate the risk assessment process. In order to derive a relevant attack graph, up-to-date information on known attack techniques should be represented as interaction rules. Designing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Hodaya Binyamini , Ron Bitton , Masaki Inokuchi , Tomohiko Yagyu , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

As physical adversarial attacks become extensively applied in unearthing the potential risk of security-critical scenarios, especially in dynamic scenarios, their vulnerability to environmental variations has also been brought to light. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Yitong Sun , Yao Huang , Xingxing Wei

This paper considers key challenges to using reinforcement learning (RL) with attack graphs to automate penetration testing in real-world applications from a systems perspective. RL approaches to automated penetration testing are actively…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Tyler Cody

Reinforcement learning (RL) has driven breakthroughs in AI, from game-play to scientific discovery and AI alignment. However, its broader applicability remains limited by challenges such as low data efficiency and poor generalizability.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xidong Yang , Wenhao Li , Junjie Sheng , Chuyun Shen , Yun Hua , Xiangfeng Wang

The field of adversarial textual attack has significantly grown over the last few years, where the commonly considered objective is to craft adversarial examples (AEs) that can successfully fool the target model. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Shengcai Liu , Ning Lu , Wenjing Hong , Chao Qian , Ke Tang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive results on natural language tasks, and security researchers are beginning to employ them in both offensive and defensive systems. In cyber-security, there have been multiple research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiacen Xu , Jack W. Stokes , Geoff McDonald , Xuesong Bai , David Marshall , Siyue Wang , Adith Swaminathan , Zhou Li

Machine learning is a popular approach to signatureless malware detection because it can generalize to never-before-seen malware families and polymorphic strains. This has resulted in its practical use for either primary detection engines…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-31 Hyrum S. Anderson , Anant Kharkar , Bobby Filar , David Evans , Phil Roth

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a highly effective technique for addressing various scientific and applied problems. Despite its success, certain complex tasks remain challenging to be addressed solely with a single model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yanjie Song , P. N. Suganthan , Witold Pedrycz , Junwei Ou , Yongming He , Yingwu Chen , Yutong Wu

As powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used for numerous practical applications, their safety is of critical importance. While alignment techniques have significantly improved overall safety, LLMs remain vulnerable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Samuel Jacob Chacko , Sajib Biswas , Chashi Mahiul Islam , Fatema Tabassum Liza , Xiuwen Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in real-world decision-making tasks for embodied artificial intelligence, especially when fine-tuned to leverage their inherent common sense and reasoning abilities while being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ruochen Jiao , Shaoyuan Xie , Justin Yue , Takami Sato , Lixu Wang , Yixuan Wang , Qi Alfred Chen , Qi Zhu

The emergence of vision-language-action models (VLAs) for end-to-end control is reshaping the field of robotics by enabling the fusion of multimodal sensory inputs at the billion-parameter scale. The capabilities of VLAs stem primarily from…

Symbolic execution is a powerful program analysis technique that allows for the systematic exploration of all program paths. Path explosion, where the number of states to track becomes unwieldy, is one of the biggest challenges hindering…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Joshua Bailey , Charles Nicholas
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