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Continual Pre-Training (CPT) has become a popular and effective method to apply strong foundation models to specific downstream tasks. In this work, we explore the learning dynamics throughout the CPT process for large language models. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Xingjin Wang , Howe Tissue , Lu Wang , Linjing Li , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Deep learning models operating in the image domain are vulnerable to small input perturbations. For years, robustness to such perturbations was pursued by training models from scratch (i.e., with random initializations) using specialized…

As new optimizers gain traction and model quantization becomes standard for efficient deployment, a key question arises: how does the choice of optimizer affect model performance in the presence of quantization? Despite progress in both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Georgios Vlassis , Saleh Ashkboos , Alexandra Volkova , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh

The biggest challenge for the deployment of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) close to the generated data on edge devices is their size, i.e., memory footprint and computational complexity. Both are significantly reduced with quantization. With…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Cecilia Latotzke , Batuhan Balim , Tobias Gemmeke

For large language models (LLMs), post-training quantization (PTQ) can significantly reduce memory footprint and computational overhead. Model quantization is rapidly evolving. Though many papers report breakthrough results, they are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yutong Liu , Cairong Zhao , Guosheng Hu

We reveal that low-bit quantization favors undertrained large language models (LLMs) by observing that models with larger sizes or fewer training tokens experience less quantization-induced degradation (QiD) when applying low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xu Ouyang , Tao Ge , Thomas Hartvigsen , Zhisong Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Increasing the number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) usually improves performance in downstream tasks but raises compute and memory costs, making deployment difficult in resource-limited settings. Quantization techniques,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Renren Jin , Jiangcun Du , Wuwei Huang , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Deyi Xiong

Lately, post-training quantization methods have gained considerable attention, as they are simple to use, and require only a small unlabeled calibration set. This small dataset cannot be used to fine-tune the model without significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Itay Hubara , Yury Nahshan , Yair Hanani , Ron Banner , Daniel Soudry

Recent research has highlighted the importance of dataset size in scaling language models. However, large language models (LLMs) are notoriously token-hungry during pre-training, and high-quality text data on the web is approaching its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Fuzhao Xue , Yao Fu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Zangwei Zheng , Yang You

Quantization has emerged as a mainstream method for compressing Large Language Models (LLMs), reducing memory requirements and accelerating inference without architectural modifications. While existing research primarily focuses on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sen Fang , Weiyuan Ding , Antonio Mastropaolo , Bowen Xu

Deep Learning has revolutionized machine learning and artificial intelligence, achieving superhuman performance in several standard benchmarks. It is well-known that deep learning models are inefficient to train; they learn by processing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Fartash Faghri

While adversarial robustness and generalization have individually received substantial attention in the recent literature on quantum machine learning, their interplay is much less explored. In this chapter, we address this interplay for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 Julian Berberich , Tobias Fellner , Christian Holm

Adversarial robustness and generalization are both crucial properties of reliable machine learning models. In this paper, we study these properties in the context of quantum machine learning based on Lipschitz bounds. We derive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Julian Berberich , Daniel Fink , Daniel Pranjić , Christian Tutschku , Christian Holm

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is a critical strategy for efficient Large Language Models (LLMs) deployment. However, existing scaling laws primarily focus on general performance, overlooking crucial fine-grained factors and how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Chenxi Zhou , Pengfei Cao , Jiang Li , Bohan Yu , Jinyu Ye , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) has increased concerns about their robustness. Vulnerabilities in perturbations of tokenisation of the input indicate that models trained with a deterministic canonical tokenisation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Sophie Steger , Rui Li , Sofiane Ennadir , Anya Sims , Arno Solin , Franz Pernkopf , Martin Trapp

Transformer-based models have made remarkable advancements in various NLP areas. Nevertheless, these models often exhibit vulnerabilities when confronted with adversarial attacks. In this paper, we explore the effect of quantization on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Seyed Parsa Neshaei , Yasaman Boreshban , Gholamreza Ghassem-Sani , Seyed Abolghasem Mirroshandel

The size of a model has been a strong predictor of its quality, as well as its cost. As such, the trade-off between model cost and quality has been well-studied. Post-training optimizations like quantization and pruning have typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Giuseppe Franco , Pablo Monteagudo-Lago , Ian Colbert , Nicholas Fraser , Michaela Blott

This paper examines the quantization methods used in large-scale data analysis models and their hyperparameter choices. The recent surge in data analysis scale has significantly increased computational resource requirements. To address…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-31 Shuhei Kashiwamura , Ayaka Sakata , Masaaki Imaizumi

A recent trend in deep learning algorithms has been towards training large scale models, having high parameter count and trained on big dataset. However, robustness of such large scale models towards real-world settings is still a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Nishant Jain , Harkirat Behl , Yogesh Singh Rawat , Vibhav Vineet

The pruning objective has recently extended beyond accuracy and sparsity to robustness in language models. Despite this, existing methods struggle to enhance robustness against adversarial attacks when continually increasing model sparsity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Jianwei Li , Qi Lei , Wei Cheng , Dongkuan Xu