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The Learning-With-Errors (LWE) problem is a fundamental computational challenge with implications for post-quantum cryptography and computational learning theory. Here we propose a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm with Ising model to…

We show polynomial-time quantum algorithms for the following problems: (*) Short integer solution (SIS) problem under the infinity norm, where the public matrix is very wide, the modulus is a polynomially large prime, and the bound of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-07 Yilei Chen , Qipeng Liu , Mark Zhandry

The Learning with Errors (\LWE) problem has been widely utilized as a foundation for numerous cryptographic tools over the years. In this study, we focus on an algebraic variant of the \LWE problem called \emph{Group ring} \LWE ($\GRLWE$).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jiaqi Liu , Fang-Wei Fu

We introduce a continuous analogue of the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, which we name CLWE. We give a polynomial-time quantum reduction from worst-case lattice problems to CLWE, showing that CLWE enjoys similar hardness guarantees to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Joan Bruna , Oded Regev , Min Jae Song , Yi Tang

At ASIACRYPT 2018, a digital attack based on linear least squares was introduced for a variant of the learning with errors (LWE) problem which omits modular reduction known as the integer learning with errors problem (ILWE). In this paper,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Kyle Yates , Antsa Pierrottet , Abdullah Al Mamun , Ryann Cartor , Mashrur Chowdhury , Shuhong Gao

Learning with Errors (LWE) problems are the foundations for numerous applications in lattice-based cryptography and are provably as hard as approximate lattice problems in the worst case. Here we present a reduction from LWE problem to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-05 Fada Li , Wansu Bao , Xiangqun Fu , Yuchao Zhang , Tan Li

The linear code equivalence (LCE) problem is shown to be equivalent to the point set equivalence (PSE) problem, i.e., the problem to check whether two sets of points in a projective space over a finite field differ by a linear change of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Martin Kreuzer

In this work, we unveil an analogy between well-known lattice based learning with error problem and ill-posed inverse problems. We show that LWE problem is a structured inverse problem. Further, we propose a symmetric encryption scheme…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-01 Gaurav Mittal

We study the IS-algorithm, a well-known linear-time algorithm for computing the suffix array of a word. This algorithm relies on transforming the input word $w$ into another word, called the reduced word of $w$, that will be at least twice…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Vincent Jugé

At CRYPTO 2015, Kirchner and Fouque claimed that a carefully tuned variant of the Blum-Kalai-Wasserman (BKW) algorithm (JACM 2003) should solve the Learning with Errors problem (LWE) in slightly subexponential time for modulus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Léo Ducas , Lynn Engelberts , Johanna Loyer

As quantum computing advances rapidly, guaranteeing the security of cryptographic protocols resistant to quantum attacks is paramount. Some leading candidate cryptosystems use the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, attractive for its…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Liljana Babinkostova , Ariana Chin , Aaron Kirtland , Vladyslav Nazarchuk , Esther Plotnick

Recently Brakerski, Christiano, Mahadev, Vazirani and Vidick (FOCS 2018) have shown how to construct a test of quantumness based on the learning with errors (LWE) assumption: a test that can be solved efficiently by a quantum computer but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-05 Shuichi Hirahara , François Le Gall

One of the major problems of most quantum computing applications is that the required number of qubits to solve a practical problem is much larger than that of today's quantum hardware. We propose an algorithm, called large-system sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-08 Chen-Yu Liu , Hsi-Sheng Goan

In this work, we study the solution of shortest vector problems (SVPs) arising in terms of learning with error problems (LWEs). LWEs are linear systems of equations over a modular ring, where a perturbation vector is added to the right-hand…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Tobias Köppl , René Zander , Louis Henkel , Nikolay Tcholtchev

The "Ring Learning with Errors" (RLWE) problem was formulated as a variant of the "Learning with Errors" (LWE) problem, with the purpose of taking advantage of an additional algebraic structure in the underlying considered lattices; this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Alberto Pedrouzo-Ulloa , Juan Ramón Troncoso-Pastoriza , Fernando Pérez-González

The Ring Learning-With-Errors (LWE) problem, whose security is based on hard ideal lattice problems, has proven to be a promising primitive with diverse applications in cryptography. There are however recent discoveries of faster algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Qi Cheng , Jun Zhang , Jincheng Zhuang

Small language models (SLMs) are increasingly deployed on edge devices, making their safety alignment crucial yet challenging. Current shallow alignment methods that rely on direct refusal of malicious queries fail to provide robust…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Haonan Shi , Guoli Wang , Tu Ouyang , An Wang

We show that the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem is classically at least as hard as standard worst-case lattice problems, even with polynomial modulus. Previously this was only known under quantum reductions. Our techniques capture the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-06-04 Zvika Brakerski , Adeline Langlois , Chris Peikert , Oded Regev , Damien Stehlé

The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem underlies modern lattice-based cryptography and is assumed to be quantum hard. Recent results show that estimating entanglement entropy is as hard as LWE, creating tension with quantum gravity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Yunfei Wang , Xin Jin , Junyu Liu

The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem is the fundamental backbone of modern lattice based cryptography, allowing one to establish cryptography on the hardness of well-studied computational problems. However, schemes based on LWE are often…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Charles Grover , Cong Ling , Roope Vehkalahti
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