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Long chains of thought (CoT) from current language models frequently contain logical gaps and unjustified leaps, limiting the gains from additional test-time compute. Improving reasoning quality directly would require process reward models,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jingchu Gai , Guanning Zeng , Christina Baek , Chen Wu , J. Zico Kolter , Andrej Risteski , Aditi Raghunathan

Slang interpretation has been a challenging downstream task for Large Language Models (LLMs) as the expressions are inherently embedded in contextual, cultural, and linguistic frameworks. In the absence of domain-specific training data, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jinghan Cao , Qingyang Ren , Xiangyun Chen , Xinjin Li , Haoxiang Gao , Yu Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning tasks requiring a single correct answer, but they perform poorly in multi-solution tasks that require generating comprehensive and diverse answers. We attribute this limitation to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jiannan Guan , Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Dengyun Peng , Jinhao Liu , Liangyu Huo , Jian Xie , Wanxiang Che

In the absence of abundant reliable annotations for challenging tasks and contexts, how can we expand the frontier of LLM capabilities with potentially wrong answers? We focus on two research questions: (1) Can LLMs generate reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jihan Yao , Wenxuan Ding , Shangbin Feng , Lucy Lu Wang , Yulia Tsvetkov

Modern language models operate on subword-tokenized text in order to make a trade-off between model size, inference speed, and vocabulary coverage. A side effect of this is that, during inference, models are evaluated by measuring the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 David Pohl , Marco Cognetta , Junyoung Lee , Naoaki Okazaki

Scaling test-time computation with reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a reliable path to improve large language models (LLM) reasoning ability. Yet, outcome-based reward often incentivizes models to be overconfident, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Liaoyaqi Wang , Chunsheng Zuo , William Jurayj , Benjamin Van Durme , Anqi Liu

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pranav Kallem

Despite recent progress in training long-chain-of-thought reasoning models via scaling reinforcement learning (RL), its underlying training dynamics remain poorly understood, and several counterintuitive behaviors persist. This work focuses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yongyu Mu , Jiali Zeng , Bei Li , Xinyan Guan , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Reasoning has emerged as the next major frontier for language models (LMs), with rapid advances from both academic and industrial labs. However, this progress often outpaces methodological rigor, with many evaluations relying on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Andreas Hochlehnert , Hardik Bhatnagar , Vishaal Udandarao , Samuel Albanie , Ameya Prabhu , Matthias Bethge

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has enabled large language models (LLMs) to utilize additional computation through intermediate tokens to solve complex tasks. However, we posit that typical reasoning traces contain many redundant tokens,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Tergel Munkhbat , Namgyu Ho , Seo Hyun Kim , Yongjin Yang , Yujin Kim , Se-Young Yun

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam

Logical reasoning is a critical benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it reflects their ability to derive valid conclusions from given premises. While the combination of test-time scaling with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) theoretically permit token decoding in arbitrary order, a flexibility that could enable richer exploration of reasoning paths than autoregressive (AR) LLMs. In practice, however, random-order decoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Liancheng Fang , Aiwei Liu , Henry Peng Zou , Yankai Chen , Enze Ma , Leyi Pan , Chunyu Miao , Wei-Chieh Huang , Xue Liu , Philip S. Yu

Chain-of-thought explanations are widely used to inspect the decision process of large language models (LLMs) and to evaluate the trustworthiness of model outputs, making them important for effective collaboration between LLMs and humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Pedro Ferreira , Wilker Aziz , Ivan Titov

As one of their many applications, large language models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation. However, conventional LLM decoding strategies, originally designed for natural…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Mohammad Akyash , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali

Top-$k$ decoding is a widely used method for sampling from LLMs: at each token, only the largest $k$ next-token-probabilities are kept, and the next token is sampled after re-normalizing them to sum to unity. Top-$k$ and other sampling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Georgy Noarov , Soham Mallick , Tao Wang , Sunay Joshi , Yan Sun , Yangxinyu Xie , Mengxin Yu , Edgar Dobriban

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Chain-of-thought prompting combined with pre-trained large language models has achieved encouraging results on complex reasoning tasks. In this paper, we propose a new decoding strategy, self-consistency, to replace the naive greedy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Xuezhi Wang , Jason Wei , Dale Schuurmans , Quoc Le , Ed Chi , Sharan Narang , Aakanksha Chowdhery , Denny Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) need to be aligned with human expectations to ensure their safety and utility in most applications. Alignment is challenging, costly, and needs to be repeated for every LLM and alignment criterion. We propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Lilian Ngweta , Mayank Agarwal , Subha Maity , Alex Gittens , Yuekai Sun , Mikhail Yurochkin

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently benefit from scaled Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but also suffer from heavy computational overhead. To address this issue, efficient reasoning aims to incentivize short yet accurate thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiqiang Wu , Zenan Xu , Bo Zhou , Ngai Wong