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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures scale language models by activating only a subset of specialized expert networks for each input token, thereby reducing the number of floating-point operations. However, the growing size of modern MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yun Wang , Lingyun Yang , Senhao Yu , Yixiao Wang , Ruixing Li , Zhixiang Wei , James Yen , Zhengwei Qi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. Exploiting the heterogeneous capabilities of edge LLMs is crucial for diverse emerging applications, as it…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Lyudong Jin , Yanning Zhang , Yanhan Li , Shurong Wang , Howard H. Yang , Jian Wu , Meng Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language models (LLM) have memory requirements that often exceed the GPU memory capacity, requiring costly parameter movement from secondary memories to the GPU for expert computation. In this work, we present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Taehyun Kim , Kwanseok Choi , Youngmock Cho , Jaehoon Cho , Hyuk-Jae Lee , Jaewoong Sim

In today's landscape, Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a crucial architecture that has been used by many of the most advanced models. One of the major challenges of MoE models is that they usually require much more memory than their dense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shuning Lin , Yifan He , Yitong Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) face a trilemma of load imbalance, parameter redundancy, and communication overhead. We introduce a unified framework based on dynamic expert clustering and structured compression to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Peijun Zhu , Ning Yang , Baoliang Tian , Jiayu Wei , Weihao Zhang , Haijun Zhang , Pin Lv

Conventional large language models (LLMs) are equipped with dozens of GB to TB of model parameters, making inference highly energy-intensive and costly as all the weights need to be loaded to onboard processing elements during computation.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Wei-Hsing Huang , Janak Sharda , Cheng-Jhih Shih , Yuyao Kong , Faaiq Waqar , Pin-Jun Chen , Yingyan , Lin , Shimeng Yu

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become a fundamental building block in state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), improving domain-specific expertise in LLMs and scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ankit Jyothish , Ali Jannesari , Aishwarya Sarkar , Joseph Zuber

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture in large language models, highlighting its ability to significantly enhance model performance while maintaining minimal computational overhead. Through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Danyang Zhang , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Yingfang Yuan , Tianyang Wang , Joe Yeong , Junfeng Hao

Mixture-of-Experts based large language models (MoE LLMs) have shown significant promise in multitask adaptability by dynamically routing inputs to specialized experts. Despite their success, the collaborative mechanisms among experts are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuanbo Tang , Yan Tang , Naifan Zhang , Meixuan Chen , Yang Li

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) underscore the significance of scalable models and data to boost performance, yet this often incurs substantial computational costs. Although the Mixture of Experts (MoE)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yunxin Li , Shenyuan Jiang , Baotian Hu , Longyue Wang , Wanqi Zhong , Wenhan Luo , Lin Ma , Min Zhang

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a key technique for scaling Large Language Models by activating only a subset of experts per query. Deploying MoE on consumer-grade edge hardware, however, is constrained by limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Guoying Zhu , Meng Li , Haipeng Dai , Xuechen Liu , Weijun Wang , Keran Li , Jun xiao , Ligeng Chen , Wei Wang

Production LLM workloads increasingly serve discriminative tasks, such as classification, recommendation, and verification, whose answers are read from the logits of a single prefill pass with no autoregressive decoding. Serving these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhaoyuan Su , Olatunji Ruwase , Karthik Ganesan , Aurick Qiao , Samyam Rajbhandari , Juncheng Yang , Yue Cheng , Yuxiong He

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently scale-up the model while keeping relatively low inference cost. As MoE models only activate part of the experts, related work has proposed expert prediction and caching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shien Zhu , Samuel Bohl , Robin Oester , Gustavo Alonso

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising architecture for modern large language models (LLMs). However, massive parameters impose heavy GPU memory (i.e., VRAM) demands, hindering the widespread adoption of MoE LLMs. Offloading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Jiaming Yan , Jianchun Liu , Hongli Xu , Liusheng Huang

Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) models enable efficient inference by employing smaller experts and activating only a subset of them per token. MoE serving engines distribute experts across multiple GPUs and route tokens to appropriate GPUs at…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Sourish Wawdhane , Avinash Kumar , Poulami Das

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture for scaling large language models (LLMs). However, the execution characteristics of MoE inference are changing rapidly and increasingly mismatch the assumptions underlying existing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jungwoo Kim , Rubens Lacouture , Genghan Zhang , Gina Sohn , Qizheng Zhang , Swapnil Gandhi , Christos Kozyrakis , Kunle Olukotun

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become increasingly popular as a method to scale up large language models (LLMs). To save costs, heterogeneity-aware training solutions have been proposed to utilize GPU clusters made up of both…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yongji Wu , Xueshen Liu , Shuowei Jin , Ceyu Xu , Feng Qian , Z. Morley Mao , Matthew Lentz , Danyang Zhuo , Ion Stoica

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is an emerging technique for scaling large models with sparse activation. MoE models are typically trained in a distributed manner with an expert parallelism scheme, where experts in each MoE layer are distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Fahao Chen , Peng Li , Zicong Hong , Zhou Su , Song Guo

The rapid adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures marks a major shift in the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). MoE LLMs improve scaling efficiency by activating only a small subset of parameters per token, but their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jona te Lintelo , Lichao Wu , Stjepan Picek

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models promise efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of experts per token, but their parallelized inference pipelines make elastic serving challenging. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Gursimran Singh , Timothy Yu , Haley Li , Cheng Chen , Hanieh Sadri , Qintao Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan