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We study the relationship between notions of pseudorandomness in the quantum and classical worlds. Pseudorandom quantum state generator (PRSG), a pseudorandomness notion in the quantum world, is an efficient circuit that produces states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-15 Prabhanjan Ananth , Yao-Ting Lin , Henry Yuen

We study the (in)feasibility of quantum pseudorandom notions in a quantum analog of the random oracle model, where all the parties, including the adversary, have oracle access to the same Haar random unitary. In this model, we show the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-28 Prabhanjan Ananth , John Bostanci , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

Pseudorandom quantum states (PRSs) and pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) possess the dual nature of being efficiently constructible while appearing completely random to any efficient quantum algorithm. In this study, we establish fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti , Dax Enshan Koh

Pseudorandom generators (PRGs) are a foundational primitive in classical cryptography, underpinning a wide range of constructions. In the quantum setting, pseudorandom quantum states (PRSs) were proposed as a potentially weaker assumption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mohammed Barhoush

Pseudorandom quantum states (PRS) are efficiently constructible states that are computationally indistinguishable from being Haar-random, and have recently found cryptographic applications. We explore new definitions, new properties and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-12 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Luowen Qian , Henry Yuen

This paper, for the first time, addresses the questions related to the connections between the quantum pseudorandomness and quantum hardware assumptions, specifically quantum physical unclonable functions (qPUFs). Our results show that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-31 Mina Doosti , Niraj Kumar , Elham Kashefi , Kaushik Chakraborty

The existence of pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) -- efficient quantum circuits that are computationally indistinguishable from Haar-random unitaries -- has been a central open question, with significant implications for cryptography,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Fermi Ma , Hsin-Yuan Huang

Pseudorandom functions (PRFs) are one of the most fundamental primitives in classical cryptography. On the other hand, in quantum cryptography, it is possible that PRFs do not exist but their quantum analogues could exist, and still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin , Tomoyuki Morimae , Shogo Yamada

We study the (quantum) security of pseudorandom generators (PRGs) constructed from random oracles. We prove a "lifting theorem" showing, roughly, that if such a PRG is unconditionally secure against classical adversaries making polynomially…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jonathan Katz , Ben Sela

The advantages of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) over pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are normally attributed to the nature of quantum measurements. This is often seen as implying the superiority of the sequences of bits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-04 Alastair A. Abbott , Cristian S. Calude , Michael J. Dinneen , Nan Huang

Quantum pseudorandom state generators (PRSGs) have stimulated exciting developments in recent years. A PRSG, on a fixed initial (e.g., all-zero) state, produces an output state that is computationally indistinguishable from a Haar random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Chuhan Lu , Minglong Qin , Fang Song , Penghui Yao , Mingnan Zhao

Pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs), one of the key quantum pseudorandom notions, are efficiently computable unitaries that are computationally indistinguishable from Haar random unitaries. While there is evidence to believe that PRUs are weaker…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

A pseudorandom quantum state (PRS) is an ensemble of quantum states indistinguishable from Haar-random states to observers with efficient quantum computers. It allows one to substitute the costly Haar-random state with efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Andrew Tanggara , Mile Gu , Kishor Bharti

In this work, we focus on the following question: what are the cryptographic implications of having access to an oracle that provides a single Haar random quantum state? We find that the study of such a model sheds light on several aspects…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Boyang Chen , Andrea Coladangelo , Or Sattath

Recent active studies have demonstrated that cryptography without one-way functions (OWFs) could be possible in the quantum world. Many fundamental primitives that are natural quantum analogs of OWFs or pseudorandom generators (PRGs) have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-06 Minki Hhan , Shogo Yamada

Efficiently sampling a quantum state that is hard to distinguish from a truly random quantum state is an elementary task in quantum information theory that has both computational and physical uses. This is often referred to as pseudorandom…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-07 Zvika Brakerski , Omri Shmueli

Pseudorandom Quantum States (PRS) were introduced by Ji, Liu and Song as quantum analogous to Pseudorandom Generators. They are an ensemble of states efficiently computable but computationally indistinguishable from Haar random states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Samuel Bouaziz--Ermann , Garazi Muguruza

Different flavors of quantum pseudorandomness have proven useful for various cryptographic applications, with the compelling feature that these primitives are potentially weaker than post-quantum one-way functions. Ananth, Lin, and Yuen…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Mohammed Barhoush , Amit Behera , Lior Ozer , Louis Salvail , Or Sattath

We show new constructions for pseudorandom quantum states (PRS) and pseudorandom function-like quantum state (PRFS) generators satisfying scalability, which means the security parameter can be much larger than the number of qubits, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Rishabh Batra , Zhili Chen , Rahul Jain , YaoNan Zhang

Pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) are ensembles of efficiently implementable unitary operators that cannot be distinguished from Haar random unitaries by any quantum polynomial-time algorithm with query access to the unitary. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-23 Tony Metger , Alexander Poremba , Makrand Sinha , Henry Yuen
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