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Many existing studies have achieved significant improvements in the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) through reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), while the enhancement of reasoning abilities in small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zhong Guan , Likang Wu , Hongke Zhao , Jiahui Wang , Le Wu

Balancing exploration and exploitation remains a central challenge in reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) for large language models (LLMs). Current RLVR methods often overemphasize exploitation, leading to entropy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Liang Chen , Xueting Han , Qizhou Wang , Bo Han , Jing Bai , Hinrich Schutze , Kam-Fai Wong

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a promising framework for improving reasoning abilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, policy optimized with binary verification prone to overlook…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinghao Zhang , Naishan Zheng , Ruilin Li , Dongzhou Cheng , Zheming Liang , Feng Zhao , Jiaqi Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning approach that trains agents to maximize cumulative rewards through interactions with environments. The integration of RL with deep learning has recently resulted in impressive achievements…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Hui Bai , Ran Cheng , Yaochu Jin

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has significantly boosted the reasoning capability of language models (LMs). However, existing RLVR approaches train LMs based on their own on-policy responses and are constrained by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Chenming Tang , Hsiu-Yuan Huang , Weijie Liu , Clive Bai , Saiyong Yang , Yunfang Wu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has catalyzed significant advances in the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, effectively managing the exploration and exploitation trade-off remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xiaofan Li , Ming Yang , Zhiyuan Ma , Shichao Ma , Jintao Du , Yu Cheng , Weiqiang Wang , Zhizhong Zhang , Xin Tan , Yanyun Qu , Lizhuang Ma , Yuan Xie

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have improved the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). However, the widely used Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) consistently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Chen Wang , Lai Wei , Yanzhi Zhang , Chenyang Shao , Zedong Dan , Weiran Huang , Ge Lan , Yue Wang

The deployment and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) is hindered by their memory inefficiency, computational demands, and the high costs of API inferences. Traditional distillation methods, which transfer the capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yifei Zhang , Bo Pan , Chen Ling , Yuntong Hu , Liang Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in reasoning capabilities empowered by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Nonetheless, RLVR intrinsically relies on ground-truth labels for reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Li Wang , Xiaodong Lu , Xiaohan Wang , Yikun Ban , Jiajun Chai , Wei Lin , Tianhao Peng , Guojun Yin

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has proven effective in enhancing the reasoning of large language models (LLMs). Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)-based extensions improve upon vanilla RLVR (e.g., GRPO) by providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ziqi Zhao , Zhaochun Ren , Jiahong Zou , Liu Yang , Zhiwei Xu , Xuri Ge , Zhumin Chen , Xinyu Ma , Daiting Shi , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xin Xin

Post-training techniques combined with inference-time scaling significantly enhance the reasoning and alignment capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, a fundamental tension arises: inference-time methods benefit from diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Changhao Li , Yuchen Zhuang , Chenxiao Gao , Haotian Sun , Rushi Qiang , Chao Zhang , Bo Dai

Recent advances in large reasoning models have leveraged reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) to improve reasoning capabilities. However, scaling these methods typically requires extensive rollout computation and large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xinyu Tang , Zhenduo Zhang , Yurou Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a widely adopted technique for enhancing the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the effectiveness of RLVR strongly depends on the capability of base…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zishang Jiang , Jinyi Han , Tingyun Li , Xinyi Wang , Sihang Jiang , Jiaqing Liang , Zhaoqian Dai , Shuguang Ma , Fei Yu , Yanghua Xiao

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance across a wide range of downstream language tasks. Temperature sampling is a commonly used decoding strategy for LLMs' generation process. However, a fixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Shimao Zhang , Yu Bao , Shujian Huang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in hardware design automation, particularly in using natural language to synthesize Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code. Despite this progress, a gap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jiahe Shi , Zhengqi Gao , Ching-Yun Ko , Duane Boning

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) succeeds in reasoning tasks (e.g., math and code) by checking the final verifiable answer (i.e., a verifiable dot signal). However, extending this paradigm to open-ended generation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Qiyuan Zhang , Xingshan Zeng , Liangyou Li , Jierun Chen , Chaofan Tao , Haoli Bai , Lifeng Shang

Reinforcement learning plays a crucial role in generative re-ranking scenarios due to its exploration-exploitation capabilities, but existing generative methods mostly fail to adapt to the dynamic entropy changes in model difficulty during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Changshuo Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) family has demonstrated strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chenxi Liu , Junjie Liang , Yuqi Jia , Bochuan Cao , Yang Bai , Heng Huang , Xun Chen

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising approach to improve correctness in LLMs, however, in many scientific problems, the objective is not necessarily to produce the correct answer, but instead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Andy Xu , Rohan Desai , Larry Wang , Gabriel Hope , Ethan Ritz

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) is empirically shown to notably enhance the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly in mathematics and programming. However, the mechanistic role of Sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yue Cheng , Jiajun Zhang , Xiaohui Gao , Weiwei Xing , Zheng Wang , Zhanxing Zhu