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Nowadays, Deep Learning (DL) methods often overcome the limitations of traditional signal processing approaches. Nevertheless, DL methods are barely applied in real-life applications. This is mainly due to limited robustness and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Julius Ott , Lorenzo Servadei , Gianfranco Mauro , Thomas Stadelmayer , Avik Santra , Robert Wille

During the forward pass of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), inputs gradually transformed from low-level features to high-level conceptual labels. While features at different layers could summarize the important factors of the inputs at varying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Haoliang Wang , Chen Zhao , Xujiang Zhao , Feng Chen

The lack of well-calibrated confidence estimates makes neural networks inadequate in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving or healthcare. In these settings, having the ability to abstain from making a prediction on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Adam Dziedzic , Stephan Rabanser , Mohammad Yaghini , Armin Ale , Murat A. Erdogdu , Nicolas Papernot

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for building reliable AI systems, as models that produce outputs for invalid inputs cannot be trusted. Although deep learning (DL) is often assumed to outperform traditional machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jihyeon Baek , Seunghoon Lee , Gitaek Kwon , Doohyun Park

The training data distribution is often biased towards objects in certain orientations and illumination conditions. While humans have a remarkable capability of recognizing objects in out-of-distribution (OoD) orientations and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Akira Sakai , Taro Sunagawa , Spandan Madan , Kanata Suzuki , Takashi Katoh , Hiromichi Kobashi , Hanspeter Pfister , Pawan Sinha , Xavier Boix , Tomotake Sasaki

Out-of-distribution (OoD) detection is a natural downstream task for deep generative models, due to their ability to learn the input probability distribution. There are mainly two classes of approaches for OoD detection using deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Yujia Huang , Sihui Dai , Tan Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk , Anima Anandkumar

Neural operators provide a powerful framework for learning discretization invariant mappings between function spaces, but standard deterministic models do not capture predictive uncertainty. We introduce diffusion last layer (DLL), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sungwon Park , Anthony Zhou , Hongjoong Kim , Amir Barati Farimani

Uncertainties in Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based perception and vehicle's motion pose challenges to the development of safe autonomous driving vehicles. In this paper, we propose a safe motion planning framework featuring the quantification…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Liuhui Ding , Dachuan Li , Bowen Liu , Wenxing Lan , Bing Bai , Qi Hao , Weipeng Cao , Ke Pei

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are known to produce incorrect predictions with very high confidence on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. This limitation is one of the key challenges in the adoption of deep learning models in high-assurance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ramneet Kaur , Susmit Jha , Anirban Roy , Oleg Sokolsky , Insup Lee

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is vital for developing machine learning based models for critical safety systems. Common approaches for OOD detection assume access to some OOD samples during training which may not be available…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Koby Bibas , Meir Feder , Tal Hassner

Deep neural networks achieve superior performance in challenging tasks such as image classification. However, deep classifiers tend to incorrectly classify out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, which are inputs that do not belong to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Vahdat Abdelzad , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Rick Salay , Taylor Denounden , Sachin Vernekar , Buu Phan

The distribution of a neural network's latent representations has been successfully used to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) data. This work investigates whether this distribution moreover correlates with a model's epistemic uncertainty,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Janis Postels , Hermann Blum , Yannick Strümpler , Cesar Cadena , Roland Siegwart , Luc Van Gool , Federico Tombari

Uncertainty estimation is a crucial aspect of deploying dependable deep learning models in safety-critical systems. In this study, we introduce a novel and efficient method for deterministic uncertainty estimation called Discriminant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Jiaxin Zhang , Kamalika Das , Sricharan Kumar

LiDAR-based perception is critical for autonomous driving due to its robustness to poor lighting and visibility conditions. Yet, current models operate under the closed-set assumption and often fail to recognize unexpected…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zizhao Li , Zhengkang Xiang , Jiayang Ao , Feng Liu , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

Enabling object detectors to recognize out-of-distribution (OOD) objects is vital for building reliable systems. A primary obstacle stems from the fact that models frequently do not receive supervisory signals from unfamiliar data, leading…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Bin Zhang , Jinggang Chen , Xiaoyang Qu , Guokuan Li , Kai Lu , Jiguang Wan , Jing Xiao , Jianzong Wang

Label Distribution Learning (LDL) aims to characterize the polysemy of an instance by building a set of descriptive degrees corresponding to the instance. In recent years, researchers seek to model to obtain an accurate label distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Pu Wang , Yu Zhang , Zhuoran Zheng

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models operating in open-world scenarios. Current OOD detectors mainly rely on statistical models to identify unusual patterns in the latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Konstantin Kirchheim , Frank Ortmeier

In the context of classification problems, Deep Learning (DL) approaches represent state of art. Many DL approaches are based on variations of standard multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. These are also referred to as deep networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated strong performance in robotic control but remains susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) states, often resulting in unreliable actions and task failure. While previous methods have…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Chan Kim , Seung-Woo Seo , Seong-Woo Kim

As AI models are increasingly deployed in critical applications, ensuring the consistent performance of models when exposed to unusual situations such as out-of-distribution (OOD) or perturbed data, is important. Therefore, this paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jamiu Idowu , Ahmed Almasoud
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