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Modern agentic systems operate in environments with extremely large action spaces, such as tool-augmented language models with thousands of available APIs or retrieval operations. Despite this scale, empirical evidence suggests that only a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Angshul Majumdar

Causal discovery is a crucial initial step in establishing causality from empirical data and background knowledge. Numerous algorithms have been developed for this purpose. Among them, the score-matching method has demonstrated superior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-14 Hao Chen , Kai Yi

Main approaches for learning Bayesian networks can be classified as constraint-based, score-based or hybrid methods. Although high-dimensional consistency results are available for constraint-based methods like the PC algorithm, such…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-02-06 Preetam Nandy , Alain Hauser , Marloes H. Maathuis

We consider the task of learning a causal graph in the presence of latent confounders given i.i.d.~samples from the model. While current algorithms for causal structure discovery in the presence of latent confounders are constraint-based,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-03-26 Daniel Irving Bernstein , Basil Saeed , Chandler Squires , Caroline Uhler

Causal discovery with latent variables is a fundamental task. Yet most existing methods rely on strong structural assumptions, such as enforcing specific indicator patterns for latents or restricting how they can interact with others. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Haoyue Dai , Immanuel Albrecht , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Observed associations in a database may be due in whole or part to variations in unrecorded (latent) variables. Identifying such variables and their causal relationships with one another is a principal goal in many scientific and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Ricardo Silva , Richard Scheines , Clark Glymour , Peter L. Spirtes

This paper focuses on the development of novel greedy techniques for distributed learning under sparsity constraints. Greedy techniques have widely been used in centralized systems due to their low computational requirements and at the same…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-23 Symeon Chouvardas , Gerasimos Mileounis , Nicholas Kalouptsidis , Sergios Theodoridis

In large datasets, it is hard to discover and analyze structure. It is thus common to introduce tags or keywords for the items. In applications, such datasets are then filtered based on these tags. Still, even medium-sized datasets with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Dominik Dürrschnabel , Gerd Stumme

Our concern is selecting the concentration matrix's nonzero coefficients for a sparse Gaussian graphical model in a high-dimensional setting. This corresponds to estimating the graph of conditional dependencies between the variables. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-04-05 Christophe Ambroise , Julien Chiquet , Catherine Matias

This paper investigates a new learning formulation called structured sparsity, which is a natural extension of the standard sparsity concept in statistical learning and compressive sensing. By allowing arbitrary structures on the feature…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-05-05 Junzhou Huang , Tong Zhang , Dimitris Metaxas

As the significance of understanding the cause-and-effect relationships among variables increases in the development of modern systems and algorithms, learning causality from observational data has become a preferred and efficient approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xiaoxuan Li , Yao Liu , Ruoyu Wang , Lina Yao

Causal models seek to unravel the cause-effect relationships among variables from observed data, as opposed to mere mappings among them, as traditional regression models do. This paper introduces a novel causal discovery algorithm designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Saeed Mohseni-Sehdeh , Walid Saad

Discovering causal relationships from observational data, particularly in the presence of latent variables, poses a challenging problem. While current local structure learning methods have proven effective and efficient when the focus lies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Feng Xie , Zheng Li , Peng Wu , Yan Zeng , Chunchen Liu , Zhi Geng

We propose a new scalable method to optimize the architecture of an artificial neural network. The proposed algorithm, called Greedy Search for Neural Network Architecture, aims to determine a neural network with minimal number of layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Massimiliano Lupo Pasini , Junqi Yin , Ying Wai Li , Markus Eisenbach

Discovering causal structures among latent factors from observed data is a particularly challenging problem. Despite some efforts for this problem, existing methods focus on the single-domain data only. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yan Zeng , Shohei Shimizu , Ruichu Cai , Feng Xie , Michio Yamamoto , Zhifeng Hao

This paper demonstrates how to recover causal graphs from the score of the data distribution in non-linear additive (Gaussian) noise models. Using score matching algorithms as a building block, we show how to design a new generation of…

Causal Bayesian networks (CBN) are popular graphical probabilistic models that encode causal relations among variables. Learning their graphical structure from observational data has received a lot of attention in the literature. When there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Christophe Gonzales , Amir-Hosein Valizadeh

The goal of Causal Discovery is to find automated search methods for learning causal structures from observational data. In some cases all variables of the interested causal mechanism are measured, and the task is to predict the effects one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-11 Shuyan Wang

Score-based causal discovery methods can effectively identify causal relationships by evaluating candidate graphs and selecting the one with the highest score. One popular class of scores is kernel-based generalized score functions, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yixin Ren , Haocheng Zhang , Yewei Xia , Hao Zhang , Jihong Guan , Shuigeng Zhou

Learning causal structure from observational data is especially challenging when latent variables or selection bias are present. The Fast Causal Inference (FCI) algorithm addresses this setting but performs exhaustive conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Joseph Ramsey , Bryan Andrews , Peter Spirtes