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Designing high-performance system heuristics is a creative, iterative process requiring experts to form hypotheses and execute multi-step conceptual shifts. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in automating this loop, they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Pantea Karimi , Kimia Noorbakhsh , Mohammad Alizadeh , Hari Balakrishnan

Web agents based on large language models (LLMs) rely on observations of web pages -- commonly represented as HTML -- as the basis for identifying available actions and planning subsequent steps. Prior work has treated the verbosity of HTML…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Masafumi Enomoto , Ryoma Obara , Haochen Zhang , Masafumi Oyamada

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language tasks requiring complex reasoning, yet their application in agentic, multi-step reasoning within interactive environments remains a difficult challenge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Pranav Putta , Edmund Mills , Naman Garg , Sumeet Motwani , Chelsea Finn , Divyansh Garg , Rafael Rafailov

In-context learning (ICL) with dynamically selected demonstrations combines the flexibility of prompting large language models (LLMs) with the ability to leverage training data to improve performance. While ICL has been highly successful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shivanshu Gupta , Sameer Singh , Ashish Sabharwal , Tushar Khot , Ben Bogin

The past years have seen Large Language Models (LLMs) strive not only as generative models but also as agents solving textual sequential decision-making tasks. When facing complex environments where their zero-shot abilities are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Loris Gaven , Clement Romac , Thomas Carta , Sylvain Lamprier , Olivier Sigaud , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Empathetic response generation is increasingly significant in AI, necessitating nuanced emotional and cognitive understanding coupled with articulate response expression. Current large language models (LLMs) excel in response expression;…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zhou Yang , Zhaochun Ren , Wang Yufeng , Shizhong Peng , Haizhou Sun , Xiaofei Zhu , Xiangwen Liao

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely integrated into information retrieval to advance traditional techniques. However, effectively enabling LLMs to seek accurate knowledge in complex tasks remains a challenge due to the complexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengliang Shi , Lingyong Yan , Dawei Yin , Suzan Verberne , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

We develop an online learning algorithm that dramatically improves the data efficiency of reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Our algorithm incrementally updates reward and language models as choice data is received. The…

AI agent development relies heavily on natural language prompting to define agents' tasks, knowledge, and goals. These prompts are interpreted by Large Language Models (LLMs), which govern agent behavior. Consequently, agentic performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Roi Ben-Gigi , Yuval David , Fabiana Fournier , Lior Limonad , Dany Moshkovich , Hadar Mulian , Segev Shlomov

Modeling multi-modal high-level intent is important for ensuring diversity in trajectory prediction. Existing approaches explore the discrete nature of human intent before predicting continuous trajectories, to improve accuracy and support…

While showing sophisticated reasoning abilities, large language models (LLMs) still struggle with long-horizon decision-making tasks due to deficient exploration and long-term credit assignment, especially in sparse-reward scenarios.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zican Hu , Wei Liu , Xiaoye Qu , Xiangyu Yue , Chunlin Chen , Zhi Wang , Yu Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) often falter in complex reasoning tasks due to their static, parametric knowledge, leading to hallucinations and poor performance in specialized domains like mathematics. This work explores a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Srijan Shakya , Anamaria-Roberta Hartl , Sepp Hochreiter , Korbinian Pöppel

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) adapts a trained model to specific downstream tasks, significantly improving task-specific performance. Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is a common approach, where an LLM is trained to produce desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Qianxi Li , Yingyue Cao , Jikun Kang , Tianpei Yang , Xi Chen , Jun Jin , Matthew E. Taylor

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess extensive knowledge and commonsense reasoning capabilities, making them valuable for creating powerful agents. However, existing LLM agent frameworks have not fully utilized past experiences for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yufei Xiang , Yiqun Shen , Yeqin Zhang , Cam-Tu Nguyen

Streaming services have reshaped how we discover and engage with digital entertainment. Despite these advancements, effectively understanding the wide spectrum of user search queries continues to pose a significant challenge. An accurate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Farnoosh Javadi , Phanideep Gampa , Alyssa Woo , Xingxing Geng , Hang Zhang , Jose Sepulveda , Belhassen Bayar , Fei Wang

Open-domain multimodal document retrieval aims to retrieve specific components (paragraphs, tables, or images) from large and interconnected document corpora. Existing graph-based retrieval approaches typically rely on a uniform similarity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Joohyung Yun , Doyup Lee , Wook-Shin Han

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle when performing agentic tasks without substantial tool support, prom-pt engineering, or fine tuning. Despite research showing that domain-dependent, procedural knowledge can dramatically increase…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Vincent Hsiao , Mark Roberts , Leslie Smith

Large language models (LLMs) have brought autonomous agents closer to artificial general intelligence (AGI) due to their promising generalization and emergent capabilities. There is, however, a lack of studies on how LLM-based agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Yanan Chen , Ali Pesaranghader , Tanmana Sadhu , Dong Hoon Yi

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied to a wide range of tasks, including text summarization, web navigation, and chatbots. They have benefitted from supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning from human feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Ryan Aponte , Ryan A. Rossi , Shunan Guo , Franck Dernoncourt , Tong Yu , Xiang Chen , Subrata Mitra , Nedim Lipka

Agentic systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in recommender systems but remain hindered by several challenges. Fine-tuning LLMs is parameter-inefficient, and prompt-based agentic reasoning is limited…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minh-Duc Nguyen , Hai-Dang Kieu , Dung D. Le