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Audio classification has seen great progress with the increasing availability of large-scale datasets. These large datasets, however, are often only partially labeled as collecting full annotations is a tedious and expensive process. This…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Siddharth Gururani , Alexander Lerch

High-quality data is necessary for modern machine learning. However, the acquisition of such data is difficult due to noisy and ambiguous annotations of humans. The aggregation of such annotations to determine the label of an image leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Lars Schmarje , Vasco Grossmann , Claudius Zelenka , Sabine Dippel , Rainer Kiko , Mariusz Oszust , Matti Pastell , Jenny Stracke , Anna Valros , Nina Volkmann , Reinhard Koch

The predictive performance of supervised learning algorithms depends on the quality of labels. In a typical label collection process, multiple annotators provide subjective noisy estimates of the "truth" under the influence of their varying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Ryutaro Tanno , Ardavan Saeedi , Swami Sankaranarayanan , Daniel C. Alexander , Nathan Silberman

Partial multi-label learning aims to extract knowledge from incompletely annotated data, which includes known correct labels, known incorrect labels, and unknown labels. The core challenge lies in accurately identifying the ambiguous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xin Wu , Fei Teng , Yue Feng , Kaibo Shi , Zhuosheng Lin , Ji Zhang , James Wang

Partial label learning deals with the problem where each training instance is assigned a set of candidate labels, only one of which is correct. This paper provides the first attempt to leverage the idea of self-training for dealing with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-11 Lei Feng , Bo An

Complementary Labels Learning (CLL) arises in many real-world tasks such as private questions classification and online learning, which aims to alleviate the annotation cost compared with standard supervised learning. Unfortunately, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zhongnian Li , Jian Zhang , Mengting Xu , Xinzheng Xu , Daoqiang Zhang

Partial label learning (PLL) learns from training examples each associated with multiple candidate labels, among which only one is valid. In recent years, benefiting from the strong capability of dealing with ambiguous supervision and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Qian-Wei Wang , Bowen Zhao , Mingyan Zhu , Tianxiang Li , Zimo Liu , Shu-Tao Xia

Complementary-label Learning (CLL) is a form of weakly supervised learning that trains an ordinary classifier using only complementary labels, which are the classes that certain instances do not belong to. While existing CLL studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Wei-I Lin , Gang Niu , Hsuan-Tien Lin , Masashi Sugiyama

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have gained increasing popularity and versatility in recent decades, finding applications in diverse domains. These remarkable achievements are greatly attributed to the support of extensive datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Xin Zhang , Yuqi Song , Wyatt McCurdy , Xiaofeng Wang , Fei Zuo

Recent years have witnessed a great success of supervised deep learning, where predictive models were trained from a large amount of fully labeled data. However, in practice, labeling such big data can be very costly and may not even be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Yuting Tang , Nan Lu , Tianyi Zhang , Masashi Sugiyama

Multi-label classification (MLC) is a supervised learning problem in which, contrary to standard multiclass classification, an instance can be associated with several class labels simultaneously. In this chapter, we advocate a rule-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Eneldo Loza Mencía , Johannes Fürnkranz , Eyke Hüllermeier , Michael Rapp

Classifier chains have recently been proposed as an appealing method for tackling the multi-label classification task. In addition to several empirical studies showing its state-of-the-art performance, especially when being used in its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Robin Senge , Juan José del Coz , Eyke Hüllermeier

Supervised deep learning depends on massive accurately annotated examples, which is usually impractical in many real-world scenarios. A typical alternative is learning from multiple noisy annotators. Numerous earlier works assume that all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Shikun Li , Tongliang Liu , Jiyong Tan , Dan Zeng , Shiming Ge

In partial label learning (PLL), each instance is associated with a set of candidate labels among which only one is ground-truth. The majority of the existing works focuses on constructing robust classifiers to estimate the labeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Chongjie Si , Xuehui Wang , Yan Wang , Xiaokang Yang , Wei Shen

We propose a new approach to address the text classification problems when learning with partial labels is beneficial. Instead of offering each training sample a set of candidate labels, we assign negative-oriented labels to the ambiguous…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-11 Jiangning Chen , Zhibo Dai , Juntao Duan , Qianli Hu , Ruilin Li , Heinrich Matzinger , Ionel Popescu , Haoyan Zhai

Weakly supervised machine learning algorithms are able to learn from ambiguous samples or labels, e.g., multi-instance learning or partial-label learning. However, in some real-world tasks, each training sample is associated with not only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Wei Tang , Weijia Zhang , Min-Ling Zhang

When constructing models that learn from noisy labels produced by multiple annotators, it is important to accurately estimate the reliability of annotators. Annotators may provide labels of inconsistent quality due to their varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Maolin Li , Arvid Fahlström Myrman , Tingting Mu , Sophia Ananiadou

Real-world data often exhibits long-tailed distributions with heavy class imbalance, posing great challenges for deep recognition models. We identify a persisting dilemma on the value of labels in the context of imbalanced learning: on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Yuzhe Yang , Zhi Xu

Traditional supervised learning heavily relies on human-annotated datasets, especially in data-hungry neural approaches. However, various tasks, especially multi-label tasks like document-level relation extraction, pose challenges in fully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zixia Jia , Junpeng Li , Shichuan Zhang , Anji Liu , Zilong Zheng

In real-world applications, one often encounters ambiguously labeled data, where different annotators assign conflicting class labels. Partial-label learning allows training classifiers in this weakly supervised setting, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Tobias Fuchs , Florian Kalinke , Klemens Böhm