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Reversing a diffusion process by learning its score forms the heart of diffusion-based generative modeling and for estimating properties of scientific systems. The diffusion processes that are tractable center on linear processes with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Raghav Singhal , Mark Goldstein , Rajesh Ranganath

Diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable empirical success in the recent years and are considered one of the state-of-the-art generative models in modern AI. These models consist of a forward process, which gradually diffuses the data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Xingyu Xu , Ziyi Zhang , Yorie Nakahira , Guannan Qu , Yuejie Chi

How diffusion models generalize beyond their training set is not known, and is somewhat mysterious given two facts: the optimum of the denoising score matching (DSM) objective usually used to train diffusion models is the score function of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 John J. Vastola

This paper explores the use of score-based diffusion models for Bayesian image reconstruction. Diffusion models are an efficient tool for generative modeling. Diffusion models can also be used for solving image reconstruction problems. We…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Michael T. McCann , Hyungjin Chung , Jong Chul Ye , Marc L. Klasky

Generative modeling aims to produce new random examples from an unknown target distribution, given access to a finite collection of examples. Among the leading approaches, denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) construct such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-12 Vahan Arsenyan , Elen Vardanyan , Arnak Dalalyan

We study a discrete denoising diffusion framework that integrates a sample-efficient estimator of single-site conditionals with round-robin noising and denoising dynamics for generative modeling over discrete state spaces. Rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Karthik Elamvazhuthi , Abhijith Jayakumar , Andrey Y. Lokhov

Diffusion models have emerged as one of the most promising frameworks for deep generative modeling. In this work, we explore the potential of non-uniform diffusion models. We show that non-uniform diffusion leads to multi-scale diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Georgios Batzolis , Jan Stanczuk , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Christian Etmann

We theoretically investigate the phenomena of generalization and memorization in diffusion models. Empirical studies suggest that these phenomena are influenced by model complexity and the size of the training dataset. In our experiments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Anand Jerry George , Rodrigo Veiga , Nicolas Macris

In this paper, we explore provable acceleration of diffusion models without any additional retraining. Focusing on the task of approximating a target data distribution in $\mathbb{R}^d$ to within $\varepsilon$ total-variation distance, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Gen Li , Yuchen Zhou , Yuting Wei , Yuxin Chen

The local intrinsic dimension (LID) of data is a fundamental quantity in signal processing and learning theory, but quantifying the LID of high-dimensional, complex data has been a historically challenging task. Recent works have discovered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Eric Yeats , Aaron Jacobson , Darryl Hannan , Yiran Jia , Timothy Doster , Henry Kvinge , Scott Mahan

Diffusion models have become a leading framework in generative modeling, yet their theoretical understanding -- especially for high-dimensional data concentrated on low-dimensional structures -- remains incomplete. This paper investigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Zixuan Zhang , Kaixuan Huang , Tuo Zhao , Mengdi Wang , Minshuo Chen

Score-based diffusion models are a powerful class of generative models, but their practical use often depends on training neural networks to approximate the score function. Training-free diffusion models provide an attractive alternative by…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-28 Pengjun Wang , Zezhong Zhang , Minglei Yang , Feng Bao , Yanzhao Cao , Guannan Zhang

Score-based diffusion models are a highly effective method for generating samples from a distribution of images. We consider scenarios where the training data comes from a noisy version of the target distribution, and present an efficiently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-30 Dennis Elbrächter , Giovanni S. Alberti , Matteo Santacesaria

Score-based diffusion models, while achieving remarkable empirical performance, often suffer from low sampling speed, due to extensive function evaluations needed during the sampling phase. Despite a flurry of recent activities towards…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Gen Li , Yu Huang , Timofey Efimov , Yuting Wei , Yuejie Chi , Yuxin Chen

Real-world noise removal is crucial in low-level computer vision. Due to the remarkable generation capabilities of diffusion models, recent attention has shifted towards leveraging diffusion priors for image restoration tasks. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jun Cheng , Shan Tan

Diffusion models are powerful generative models that map noise to data using stochastic processes. However, for many applications such as image editing, the model input comes from a distribution that is not random noise. As such, diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Linqi Zhou , Aaron Lou , Samar Khanna , Stefano Ermon

Unsupervised learning of feature representations is a challenging yet important problem for analyzing a large collection of multimedia data that do not have semantic labels. Recently proposed neural network-based unsupervised learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Takahiko Furuya , Ryutarou Ohbuchi

Diffusion models generate samples by iteratively querying learned score estimates. A rapidly growing literature focuses on accelerating sampling by minimizing the number of score evaluations, yet the information-theoretic limits of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhiyang Xun , Eric Price

Diffusion models are generative models that have recently demonstrated impressive performances in terms of sampling quality and density estimation in high dimensions. They rely on a forward continuous diffusion process and a backward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Christian Horvat , Jean-Pascal Pfister

We study variance reduction for score estimation and diffusion-based sampling in settings where the clean (target) score is available or can be approximated. Starting from the Target Score Identity (TSI), which expresses the noisy marginal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-26 Alois Duston , Tan Bui-Thanh