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Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate of a given quantity is proportional to the quantity's current value. Surprisingly, when exponential growth data is plotted as a simple histogram disregarding the time dimension, a remarkable…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-08 Alex Ely Kossovsky

The aim of this note is to show that any even perfect number, other than $6$, can be written as the sum of 5 cubes of natural numbers. We also conjecture that any even perfect number, other than $6$, can be written as the sum of only 3…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-04-29 Bakir Farhi

Let $(X,Y)\in\mathcal{X}\times \mathcal{Y}$ be a random couple with unknown distribution $P$. Let $\GG$ be a class of measurable functions and $\ell$ a loss function. The problem of statistical learning deals with the estimation of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-07-12 Sébastien Loustau

Every real is computable from a Martin-Loef random real. This well known result in algorithmic randomness was proved by Kucera and Gacs. In this survey article we discuss various approaches to the problem of coding an arbitrary real into a…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-03-31 George Barmpalias , Andrew Lewis-Pye

In this paper we study the ratio between the number of $p$-elements and the order of a Sylow $p$-subgroup of a finite group $G$. As well known, this ratio is a positive integer and we conjecture that, for every group $G$, it is at least the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2020-07-03 Pietro Gheri

In this article, we will use elementary number theory techniques to investigate a sequence of integers defined by a sifting process called the lucky numbers. Ulam introduced lucky numbers as a sieve-based analogue of prime numbers. We…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Marthinus Michael Dreeckmeier

Let G be a finite group and N be a non-trivial normal subgroup of G, such that the average character degree of irreducible characters in Irr(G|N) is less than or equal to 16=5. Then we prove that N is solvable. Also, we prove the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-10 Zeinab Akhlaghi

In the paper, we study the asymptotic distribution of real algebraic integers of fixed degree as their naive height tends to infinity. Let $I \subset \mathbb{R}$ be an arbitrary bounded interval, and $Q$ be a sufficiently large number. We…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-06-15 Dzianis Kaliada

A perfect number is a number whose divisors add up to twice the number itself. The existence of odd perfect numbers is a millennia-old unsolved problem. This note proposes a proof of the nonexistence of odd perfect numbers. More generally,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2011-03-04 N. A. Carella

Let $G(n)=\sigma (n)/(n \log \log n )$. Robin made hypothesis that $G(n)<e^\gamma$ for all integer $n>5040$. This article divides all colossally abundant numbers in to three disjoint subsets CA1, CA2 and CA3, and shows that Robin hypothesis…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-03-11 Xiaolong Wu

We show that the expectation of the $k^{\mathrm{th}}$-order statistic of an i.i.d. sample of size $n$ from a monotone reverse hazard rate (MRHR) distribution is convex in $n$ and that the expectation of the $(n-k+1)^{\mathrm{th}}$-order…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-10-25 Mitchell Watt

Graph eigenvalues are examples of totally real algebraic integers, i.e. roots of real-rooted monic polynomials with integer coefficients. Conversely, the fact that every totally real algebraic integer occurs as an eigenvalue of some finite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-05 Justin Salez

Randomness is a central concept to statistics and physics. Here, a statistical analysis shows experimental evidence that tossing coins and finding last digits of prime numbers are identical regarding statistics for equally likely outcomes.…

Applications · Statistics 2019-10-29 Yeseul Kim , Byung Mook Weon

We propose a nonparametric estimator of the empirical distribution function (EDF) of the latent spot variance of the log-price of a financial asset. We show that over a fixed time span our realized EDF (or REDF) -- inferred from noisy…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-29 Kim Christensen , Martin Thyrsgaard , Bezirgen Veliyev

Gardiner, Lazarus, Metropolis, and Ulam introduced a variation of the sieve of Eratosthenes that (instead of producing the sequence of prime numbers) produces the sequence of "lucky numbers". The distribution of lucky numbers has a striking…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Carlo Sanna

In a prophet inequality problem, $n$ independent random variables are presented to a gambler one by one. The gambler decides when to stop the sequence and obtains the most recent value as reward. We evaluate a stopping rule by the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Andrés Cristi , Bruno Ziliotto

In this expository note we present simple proofs of the lower bound of Ramsey numbers (Erd\"os theorem), and of the estimation of discrepancy. Neither statements nor proofs require any knowledge beyond high-school curriculum (except a minor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-06 A. Buchaev , A. Skopenkov

We compute the distribution of the number of negative eigenvalues (the index) for an ensemble of Gaussian random matrices, by means of the replica method. This calculation has important applications in the context of statistical mechanics…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrea Cavagna , Juan P. Garrahan , Irene Giardina

Charles L. Dodgson, also known as Lewis Carroll, in his book "Pillow problems" from 1893 asked for the likelihood of a random triangle to be obtuse. Clearly, the answer to Dodgson's question depends strongly on the assumed random…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-27 Theodore D. Drivas , Michael Retakh

Despite a previous description of his state as a stable fixed point, just past midnight this morning Mr. Boddy was murdered again. In fact, over 70 years Mr. Boddy has been reported murdered $10^6$ times, while there exist no documented…

Popular Physics · Physics 2019-04-01 Eve Armstrong