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Recent breakthroughs in technology have led to a thriving "new space" culture in low-Earth orbit (LEO) in which performance and cost considerations dominate over resilience and reliability as mission goals. These advances create a manifold…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns , Eduardo Cruz , Alastair Isaacs , Zhana Imbrosh

The integration of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve efficient global connectivity. As LEO satellites are a global infrastructure with predictable dynamics, a pre-planned fair and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Vineet Gala , Federico Chiariotti , Petar Popovski

Terrestrial network limitations drive the integration of non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), notably mega-constellations comprising thousands of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. While these satellites act as interconnected network switches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Sivaram Krishnan , Bassel Al Homssi , Zhouyou Gu , Jihong Park , Sung-Min Oh , Jinho Choi

The availability of satellite communication systems is extremely limited by atmospheric impairments, such as rain (for radio frequencies) and cloud coverage (for optical frequencies). A solution to this problem is the site diversity…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Christos N. Efrem , Athanasios D. Panagopoulos

With numerous ongoing deployments owned by private companies and startups, dense satellite constellations deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) will play a major role in the near future of wireless communications. In addition, the 3rd…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Beatriz Soret , Petar Popovski

With the increase in global positioning service demands and the requirement for more precise positioning, assisting existing medium and high orbit satellite-enabled positioning systems with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites has garnered…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ruibo Wang , Mustafa A. Kishk , Howard H. Yang , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet of Things (IoT) has been identified as one of the important components of the sixth-generation (6G) non-terrestrial networks (NTN) to provide ubiquitous connectivity. Due to the low orbit altitude…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ming Ying , Xiaoming Chen , Qiao Qi , Zhaoyang Zhang

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation-enabled communication networks are expected to be an important part of many Internet of Things (IoT) deployments due to their unique advantage of providing seamless global coverage. In this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Keke Ying , Zhen Gao , Sheng Chen , Mingyu Zhou , Dezhi Zheng , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Ottersten , H. Vincent Poor

The growing density of satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) presents serious challenges to space sustainability, primarily due to the increased risk of in-orbit collisions. Traditional ground-based tracking systems are constrained by latency…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-04 Peng Hu , Wenxuan Zhang

Recently, mega-constellations with a massive number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are being considered as a possible solution for providing global coverage due to relatively low latency and high throughput compared to geosynchronous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Dong-Hyun Jung , Gyeongrae Im , Joon-Gyu Ryu , Seungkeun Park , Heejung Yu , Junil Choi

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are rapidly becoming essential enablers of next-generation wireless systems, offering global broadband access, high-precision localization, and reliable sensing beyond terrestrial coverage.…

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation satellite networks have shown great potential to extend the coverage capability of conventional terrestrial networks. How to systematically define, quantify, and assess the technical performance of…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Yu Wang , Chuili Kong , Xian Meng , Hejia Luo , Ke-Xin Li , Jun Wang

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites have been envisioned as a significant component of the sixth generation (6G) network architecture for achieving ubiquitous coverage and seamless access. However, the implementation of LEO satellites is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Chenyu Wu , Shuai Han , Qian Chen , Yu Wang , Weixiao Meng , Abderrahim Benslimane

This paper investigates the maximum achievable downlink spectral efficiency of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Spectral efficiency is defined here as the total network sum rate per unit bandwidth per unit area of Earth's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Cuneyd Ozturk , Dongning Guo , Randall A. Berry , Michael L. Honig

Emerging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband constellations hold significant potential to provide advanced Internet services due to inherent geometric features of the grid topology. However, high dynamics, unstable topology changes, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Menglan Hu , Chenxin Wang , Bin Cao , Benkuan Zhou , Yan Dong , Kai Peng

The end-to-end connectivity patterns between two points on Earth are highly volatile if mediated via a Low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation. This is rooted in the enormous speeds at which satellites in LEO must travel relative to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Santiago Henn , Holger Hermanns , Andreas Schmidt

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite mega constellations are beginning to include laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) to extend the Internet to the most remote locations on Earth. Since the process of establishing these links incurs a setup…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Dhiraj Bhattacharjee , Pablo G. Madoery , Aizaz U. Chaudhry , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Gunes Karabulut Kurt , Peng Hu , Khaled Ahmed , Stephane Martel

This work proposes an adaptation of the Facility Location Problem for the optimal placement of on-orbit servicing depots for satellite constellations in high-altitude orbit. The high-altitude regime, such as Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-01 Yuri Shimane , Nick Gollins , Koki Ho

Digital connectivity has become the foundation of prosperity and an essential need for functioning societies. Despite this dependence, limitation on Internet access remains a prevalent issue, largely hinged on socioeconomic and geographic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Bassel Al Homssi , Akram Al-Hourani , Ke Wang , Phillip Conder , Sithamparanathan Kandeepan , Jinho Choi , Ben Allen , Ben Moores

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations combine great flexibility and global coverage with short propagation delays when compared to satellites deployed in higher orbits. However, the fast movement of the individual satellites makes…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Jonas W. Rabjerg , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Beatriz Soret , Petar Popovski