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Scaling test-time compute has emerged as a powerful mechanism for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) performance. However, standard post-training paradigms, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), optimize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Adam Ousherovitch , Ambuj Tewari

Large language models (LLMs) with long sequences begin to power more and more fundamentally new applications we use every day. Existing methods for long-sequence LLM training are neither efficient nor compatible with commonly-used training…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Qiaoling Chen , Diandian Gu , Guoteng Wang , Xun Chen , YingTong Xiong , Ting Huang , Qinghao Hu , Xin Jin , Yonggang Wen , Tianwei Zhang , Peng Sun

In the context of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) clouds, the extensive use of Large Language Models (LLMs) often requires efficient management of significant query loads. When providing real-time inference services, several…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yiyuan He , Minxian Xu , Jingfeng Wu , Wanyi Zheng , Kejiang Ye , Chengzhong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various tasks, and their application in edge scenarios has attracted significant attention. However, sparse-activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, which are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Zhiyuan Fang , Zicong Hong , Yuegui Huang , Yufeng Lyu , Wuhui Chen , Yue Yu , Fan Yu , Zibin Zheng

LLMs have seen rapid adoption in all domains. They need to be trained on high-end high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures and ingest massive amounts of input data. Unsurprisingly, at such a large scale, unexpected events (e.g.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Avinash Maurya , Robert Underwood , M. Mustafa Rafique , Franck Cappello , Bogdan Nicolae

Large Language Models (LLMs) for public use require continuous pre-training to remain up-to-date with the latest data. The models also need to be fine-tuned with specific instructions to maintain their ability to follow instructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ishan Jindal , Chandana Badrinath , Pranjal Bharti , Lakkidi Vinay , Sachin Dev Sharma

Deploying large language model (LLM) inference at scale requires jointly selecting base models, provisioning heterogeneous GPUs, configuring parallelism, and distributing workloads under tight latency, accuracy, and budget constraints.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiaming Cheng , Duong Tung Nguyen

Learning on text-attributed graphs has motivated the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for graph learning. However, most fusion strategies are applied uniformly across all nodes and attain only small overall performance gains. We argue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Donald Loveland , Yao-An Yang , Danai Koutra

As large language models (LLMs) become widespread in various application domains, a critical challenge the AI community is facing is how to train these large AI models in a cost-effective manner. Existing LLM training plans typically employ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jehyeon Bang , Yujeong Choi , Myeongwoo Kim , Yongdeok Kim , Minsoo Rhu

The rising computational and energy demands of deep learning, particularly in large-scale architectures such as foundation models and large language models (LLMs), pose significant challenges to sustainability. Traditional gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Mohammad Saleh Vahdatpour , Huaiyuan Chu , Yanqing Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, their immense number of parameters and complex transformer-based architectures result in significant resource…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tianhao Tang , Haoyang Li , Lei Chen

Since the release of GPT2-1.5B in 2019, the large language models (LLMs) have evolved from specialized deep models to versatile foundation models. While demonstrating remarkable zero-shot ability, the LLMs still require fine-tuning on local…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yanjie Dong , Haijun Zhang , Chengming Li , Song Guo , Victor C. M. Leung , Xiping Hu

Assessing the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by confidence elicitation is a prominent approach to AI safety in high-stakes applications, such as healthcare and finance. Existing methods either require expensive computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhaohan Zhang , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Model-as-a-Service (MaaS) platforms face diverse Service Level Objective (SLO) requirements stemming from various large language model (LLM) applications, manifested in contextual complexity, first-token latency, and between-token latency.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mo Xuan , Zhang yue , Wu Weigang

As the Large Language Model (LLM) becomes increasingly important in various domains. However, the following challenges still remain unsolved in accelerating LLM inference: (1) Synchronized partial softmax update. The softmax operation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Ke Hong , Guohao Dai , Jiaming Xu , Qiuli Mao , Xiuhong Li , Jun Liu , Kangdi Chen , Yuhan Dong , Yu Wang

Training large language models (LLMs) in the cloud faces growing memory bottlenecks due to the limited capacity and high cost of GPUs. While GPU memory offloading to CPU and NVMe has made large-scale training more feasible, existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Sabiha Afroz , Redwan Ibne Seraj Khan , Hadeel Albahar , Jingoo Han , Ali R. Butt

This article surveys Cognitive Edge Computing as a practical and methodical pathway for deploying reasoning-capable Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous AI agents on resource-constrained devices at the network edge. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Xubin Wang , Qing Li , Weijia Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) are regularly updated to enhance performance, typically through changes in data or architecture. Within the update process, developers often prioritize improving overall performance metrics, paying less…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jessica Echterhoff , Fartash Faghri , Raviteja Vemulapalli , Ting-Yao Hu , Chun-Liang Li , Oncel Tuzel , Hadi Pouransari

Block diffusion LLMs are emerging as a promising next paradigm for language generation, but their use of KV caching makes memory access a dominant bottleneck in long-context settings. While dynamic sparse attention has been actively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Omin Kwon , Yeonjae Kim , Doyeon Kim , Minseo Kim , Yeonhong Park , Jae W. Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in language tasks, but they require high computing power and rely on static knowledge. To overcome these limitations, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) incorporates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Jiaxing Li , Chi Xu , Lianchen Jia , Feng Wang , Cong Zhang , Jiangchuan Liu