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The Shapley value, and its broader family of semi-values, has received much attention in various attribution problems. A fundamental and long-standing challenge is their efficient approximation, since exact computation generally requires an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Weida Li , Yaoliang Yu , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Estimating feature importance is a significant aspect of explaining data-based models. Besides explaining the model itself, an equally relevant question is which features are important in the underlying data generating process. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Pål Vegard Johnsen , Inga Strümke , Signe Riemer-Sørensen , Andrew Thomas DeWan , Mette Langaas

The Shapley value is arguably the most central normative solution concept in cooperative game theory. It specifies a unique way in which the reward from cooperation can be "fairly" divided among players. While it has a wide range of real…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-02-14 Sasan Maleki , Long Tran-Thanh , Greg Hines , Talal Rahwan , Alex Rogers

Shapley values are among the most popular tools for explaining predictions of blackbox machine learning models. However, their high computational cost motivates the use of sampling approximations, inducing a considerable degree of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-11 Jeremy Goldwasser , Giles Hooker

Cooperative game theory has become a cornerstone of post-hoc interpretability in machine learning, largely through the use of Shapley values. Yet, despite their widespread adoption, Shapley-based methods often rest on axiomatic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-18 Marouane Il Idrissi , Agathe Fernandes Machado , Arthur Charpentier

This paper introduces the shapr R package, a versatile tool for generating Shapley value-based prediction explanations for machine learning and statistical regression models. Moreover, the shaprpy Python library brings the core capabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Martin Jullum , Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Jon Lachmann , Annabelle Redelmeier

In Machine Learning, the $\mathsf{SHAP}$-score is a version of the Shapley value that is used to explain the result of a learned model on a specific entity by assigning a score to every feature. While in general computing Shapley values is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Marcelo Arenas , Pablo Barceló , Leopoldo Bertossi , Mikaël Monet

We study the efficient computation of Shapley values for \emph{product games} -- cooperative games in which the coalition value factorizes as a product of per-player terms. Such games arise in machine learning explainability whenever the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Majid Mohammadi , Grigory Reznikov , Pavel Sinitcyn , Krikamol Muandet , Siu Lun Chau

While preference modelling is becoming one of the pillars of machine learning, the problem of preference explanation remains challenging and underexplored. In this paper, we propose \textsc{Pref-SHAP}, a Shapley value-based model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-09 Robert Hu , Siu Lun Chau , Jaime Ferrando Huertas , Dino Sejdinovic

Automated data preparation pipeline construction is critical for machine learning success, yet existing methods suffer from two fundamental limitations: they treat pipeline construction as black-box optimization without quantifying…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Jing Chang , Chang Liu , Jinbin Huang , Shuyuan Zheng , Rui Mao , Jianbin Qin

This paper discusses an application of Shapley values in the causal inference field, specifically on how to select the top confounder variables for coarsened exact matching method in a scalable way. We use a dataset from an observational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-08 Jilei Yang , Wentao Su

Shapley values have become a cornerstone of explainable AI, but they are computationally expensive to use, especially when features are dependent. Evaluating them requires approximating a large number of conditional expectations, either via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Dennis Christensen

Attribution scores can be applied in data management to quantify the contribution of individual items to conclusions from the data, as part of the explanation of what led to these conclusions. In Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Leopoldo Bertossi , Benny Kimelfeld , Ester Livshits , Mikaël Monet

The attribution problem, that is the problem of attributing a model's prediction to its base features, is well-studied. We extend the notion of attribution to also apply to feature interactions. The Shapley value is a commonly used method…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Kedar Dhamdhere , Ashish Agarwal , Mukund Sundararajan

We study local, analytic solutions for a class of initial value problems for singular ODEs. We prove existence and uniqueness of such solutions under a certain non-resonance condition. Our proof translates the singular initial value problem…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-08-19 Thomas Geert de Jong , Patrick van Meurs

Asymptotic optimality is a key theoretical property in model averaging. Due to technical difficulties, existing studies rely on restricted weight sets or the assumption that there is no true model with fixed dimensions in the candidate set.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Wenchao Xu , Xinyu Zhang

In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex data patterns. The deficiency of these methods, however, is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

Most methods in explainable AI (XAI) focus on providing reasons for the prediction of a given set of features. However, we solve an inverse explanation problem, i.e., given the deviation of a label, find the reasons of this deviation. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Quan Long

We propose a simple method to identify a continuous Lie algebra symmetry in a dataset through regression by an artificial neural network. Our proposal takes advantage of the $ \mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$ scaling of the output variable under…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-06-01 Sean Craven , Djuna Croon , Daniel Cutting , Rachel Houtz

The original development of Shapley values for prediction explanation relied on the assumption that the features being described were independent. If the features in reality are dependent this may lead to incorrect explanations. Hence,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-15 Kjersti Aas , Thomas Nagler , Martin Jullum , Anders Løland