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Grounding natural language queries in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents a challenging task that requires models to comprehend diverse UI elements across various applications and systems, while also accurately predicting the spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhecheng Li , Guoxian Song , Yiwei Wang , Zhen Xiong , Junsong Yuan , Yujun Cai

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are transforming the capabilities of graphical user interface (GUI) agents, facilitating their transition from controlled simulations to complex, real-world applications across various platforms.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Boyu Gou , Ruohan Wang , Boyuan Zheng , Yanan Xie , Cheng Chang , Yiheng Shu , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents are designed to automate complex tasks on digital devices, such as smartphones and desktops. Most existing GUI agents interact with the environment through extracted structured data, which can be…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Kanzhi Cheng , Qiushi Sun , Yougang Chu , Fangzhi Xu , Yantao Li , Jianbing Zhang , Zhiyong Wu

GUI grounding is a critical capability for vision-language models (VLMs) that enables automated interaction with graphical user interfaces by locating target elements from natural language instructions. However, grounding on GUI screenshots…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Siqi Pei , Liang Tang , Tiaonan Duan , Long Chen , Shuxian Li , Kaer Huang , Yanzhe Jing , Yiqiang Yan , Bo Zhang , Chenghao Jiang , Borui Zhang , Jiwen Lu

GUI grounding, which translates natural language instructions into precise pixel coordinates, is essential for developing practical GUI agents. However, we observe that existing grounding models exhibit significant coordinate prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yunzhu Zhang , Zeyu Pan , Zhengwen Zeng , Shuheng Shen , Changhua Meng , Linchao Zhu

The existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for GUI perception have made great progress. However, the following challenges still exist in prior methods: 1) They model discrete coordinates based on text autoregressive mechanism,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Hongyi Jing , Jiafu Chen , Chen Rao , Ziqiang Dang , Jiajie Teng , Tianyi Chu , Juncheng Mo , Shuo Fang , Huaizhong Lin , Rui Lv , Chenguang Ma , Lei Zhao

Most visual grounding solutions primarily focus on realistic images. However, applications involving synthetic images, such as Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), remain limited. This restricts the development of autonomous computer…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-21 El Hassane Ettifouri , Jessica López Espejel , Laura Minkova , Tassnim Dardouri , Walid Dahhane

Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM)-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents develop rapidly, with visual grounding that maps natural language instructions to target UI elements serving as the core capability. Existing GUI agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ziwei Liu , Tao Feng , Borui Kang , Yanbing Yang , Jun Luo

Grounding has become a fundamental capability of vision-language models (VLMs). Most existing VLMs point by generating coordinates as part of their text output, which requires learning a complicated coordinate system and results in a high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Christopher Clark , Yue Yang , Jae Sung Park , Zixian Ma , Jieyu Zhang , Rohun Tripathi , Mohammadreza Salehi , Sangho Lee , Taira Anderson , Winson Han , Ranjay Krishna

Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) and reinforcement learning (RL) have driven progress in GUI automation. However, most existing methods rely on static, one-shot visual inputs and passive perception, lacking the ability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chen Chen , Jiawei Shao , Dakuan Lu , Haoyi Hu , Xiangcheng Liu , Hantao Yao , Wu Liu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) frequently misread values, hallucinate details, and confuse overlapping elements in charts. Current approaches rely solely on pixel interpretation, creating a Pixel-Only Bottleneck: agents treat interactive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yiyang Lu , Woong Shin , Ahmad Maroof Karimi , Feiyi Wang , Jie Ren , Evgenia Smirni

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with computers via Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), where accurately localizing the coordinates of interface elements (e.g., buttons) is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hyunseok Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , Beomjun Kim , Jihoon Tack , Chansong Jo , Jaehong Lee , Cheonbok Park , Sookyo In , Jinwoo Shin , Kang Min Yoo

Accurately converting pixel measurements into absolute real-world dimensions remains a fundamental challenge in computer vision and limits progress in key applications such as biomedicine, forensics, nutritional analysis, and e-commerce. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Yimu Pan , Manas Mehta , Gwen Sincerbeaux , Jeffery A. Goldstein , Alison D. Gernand , James Z. Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have revolutionized GUI automation, yet their efficacy is largely established on idealized, single-layer interfaces. This paper identifies a critical reliability gap: state-of-the-art agents face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haoren Zhao , Tianyi Chen , Zhen Wang

Existing training-free approaches for GUI grounding often rely on multiple inference runs, such as iterative cropping or candidate aggregation, to identify target elements. Despite this additional computation, each forward pass still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jiaping Lin , Fei Shen , Junzhe Li , Ping Nie , Fei Yu , Ming Li , Haizhou Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown remarkable performance in User Interface (UI) grounding tasks, driven by their ability to process increasingly high-resolution screenshots. However, screenshots are tokenized into thousands of visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Mingyu Ouyang , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Mike Zheng Shou , Hwee Tou Ng

Global localisation from visual data is a challenging problem applicable to many robotics domains. Prior works have shown that neural networks can be trained to map images of an environment to absolute camera pose within that environment,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Christopher J. Holder , Muhammad Shafique

Graphical User Interface (GUI) grounding aims to translate natural language instructions into executable screen coordinates, enabling automated GUI interaction. Nevertheless, incorrect grounding can result in costly, hard-to-reverse actions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Qingni Wang , Yue Fan , Xin Eric Wang

Precise localization of GUI elements is crucial for the development of GUI agents. Traditional methods rely on bounding box or center-point regression, neglecting spatial interaction uncertainty and visual-semantic hierarchies. Recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Jikai Chen , Long Chen , Dong Wang , Qinglin Su , Zhixuan Chu , Bingguang Hao , Leilei Gan , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu

Autonomous graphical user interface (GUI) agents rely on accurate GUI grounding, which maps language instructions to on-screen coordinates, to execute user commands. However, current models, whether trained via supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shaojie Zhang , Pei Fu , Ruoceng Zhang , Jiahui Yang , Anan Du , Xiuwen Xi , Shaokang Wang , Ying Huang , Bin Qin , Zhenbo Luo , Jian Luan