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We present a comprehensive study of quantum simulation methods and quantum simulators for classical computers. We first study an exhaustive set of 150+ simulators and quantum libraries. Then, we short-list the simulators that are actively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-29 Kieran Young , Marcus Scese , Ali Ebnenasir

The variational quantum-classical algorithms are the most promising approach for achieving quantum advantage on near-term quantum simulators. Among these methods, the variational quantum eigensolver has attracted a lot of attention in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Chufan Lyu , Xusheng Xu , Man-Hong Yung , Abolfazl Bayat

Exact diagonalization (ED) is one of the most reliable and established numerical methods of quantum many-body theory. The main limiting factor of the method is the exponential scaling of Hilbert space dimension with system size.…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2021-09-30 Tom Westerhout

The Schwinger model is one of the simplest gauge theories. It is known that a topological term of the model leads to the infamous sign problem in the classical Monte Carlo method. In contrast to this, recently, quantum computing in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-18 Kazuki Sakamoto , Hayata Morisaki , Junichi Haruna , Etsuko Itou , Keisuke Fujii , Kosuke Mitarai

Tensor network algorithms provide a suitable route for tackling real-time dependent problems in lattice gauge theories, enabling the investigation of out-of-equilibrium dynamics. We analyze a U(1) lattice gauge theory in (1+1) dimensions in…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2016-03-07 T. Pichler , M. Dalmonte , E. Rico , P. Zoller , S. Montangero

In this paper we outline a method for a compiler to translate any non fault tolerant quantum circuit to the geometric representation of the lattice surgery error-correcting code using inherent merge and split operations. Since the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-27 Daniel Herr , Franco Nori , Simon J. Devitt

Symmetry is fundamental in the description and simulation of quantum systems. Leveraging symmetries in classical simulations of many-body quantum systems can results in significant overhead due to the exponentially growing size of some…

What can one do with a given tunable quantum device? We provide complete symmetry criteria deciding whether some effective target interaction(s) can be simulated by a set of given interactions. Symmetries lead to a better understanding of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-14 Zoltán Zimborás , Robert Zeier , T. Schulte-Herbrueggen , Daniel Burgarth

Quantum simulation is a cornerstone application for quantum computing, yet standard methods face a trade-off between circuit depth and accuracy: Trotterization depth scales with the number of Hamiltonian terms $L$, while sampling-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Sangjin Lee , Sangkook Choi

We use the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model and the valence-space nuclear shell model to examine the likely performance of variational quantum eigensolvers in nuclear-structure theory. The LMG model exhibits both a phase transition and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-06-30 A. M. Romero , J. Engel , Ho Lun Tang , Sophia E. Economou

We extensively test a recent protocol to demonstrate quantum fault tolerance on three systems: (1) a real-time simulation of five spin qubits coupled to an environment with two-level defects, (2) a real-time simulation of transmon quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-29 D. Willsch , M. Willsch , F. Jin , H. De Raedt , K. Michielsen

The standard paradigm for state preparation on quantum computers for the simulation of physical systems in the near term has been widely explored with different algorithmic methods. One such approach is the optimization of parameterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 J. Wayne Mullinax , Norm M. Tubman

The variational quantum eigensolver is one of the most promising approaches for performing chemistry simulations using noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors. The efficiency of this algorithm depends crucially on the ability to…

Variational quantum algorithms are among the most promising approaches for simulating interacting quantum many-body systems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. However, the practical success of variational quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Rudraksh Sharma

The most scalable proposed methods of simulating lattice fermions on noisy quantum computers employ encodings that eliminate nonlocal operators using a constant factor more qubits and a nontrivial stabilizer group. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Riley W. Chien , Kanav Setia , Xavier Bonet-Monroig , Mark Steudtner , James D. Whitfield

Neutral-atom quantum simulators offer a promising approach to the exploration of strongly interacting many-body systems, with applications spanning condensed matter, statistical mechanics, and high-energy physics. Through a combination of…

Simulating the real-time dynamics of quantum field theories (QFTs) is one of the most promising applications of quantum simulators. Regularizing a bosonic QFT for quantum simulation purposes typically involves a truncation in Hilbert space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Gabriele Calliari , Marco Di Liberto , Hannes Pichler , Torsten V. Zache

Quantum chemistry calculations on a quantum computer frequently suffer from symmetry breaking: the situation when a state of assumed spin and number of electrons is contaminated with contributions of undesired symmetry. The situation may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-27 Ilya G. Ryabinkin , Scott N. Genin

One of the most promising applications of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers is the simulation of molecular Hamiltonians using the variational quantum eigensolver. We show that encoding symmetries of the simulated Hamiltonian in the…

A fundamental challenge in quantum physics is determining the ground-state properties of many-body systems. Whereas standard approaches, such as variational calculations, consist of writing down a wave function ansatz and minimizing over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Jie Wang , David Jansen , Irénée Frerot , Marc-Olivier Renou , Victor Magron , Antonio Acín