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Black-box optimization (BBO) addresses problems where objectives are accessible only through costly queries without gradients or explicit structure. Classical derivative-free methods -- line search, direct search, and model-based solvers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Morteza Kimiaei , Vyacheslav Kungurtsev

Black-box optimization (BBO) algorithms are concerned with finding the best solutions for problems with missing analytical details. Most classical methods for such problems are based on strong and fixed a priori assumptions, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Minfang Lu , Shuai Ning , Shuangrong Liu , Fengyang Sun , Bo Zhang , Bo Yang , Lin Wang

GitHub, a central hub for collaborative software development, has revolutionized the open-source software (OSS) ecosystem through its GitHub Marketplace, a platform launched in 2017 to host automation tools aimed at enhancing the efficiency…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 SK. Golam Saroar , Waseefa Ahmed , Elmira Onagh , Maleknaz Nayebi

The growing ubiquity of machine learning (ML) has led it to enter various areas of computer science, including black-box optimization (BBO). Recent research is particularly concerned with Bayesian optimization (BO). BO-based algorithms are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Elena Raponi , Nathanael Rakotonirina Carraz , Jérémy Rapin , Carola Doerr , Olivier Teytaud

Black-box optimization is often encountered for decision-making in complex systems management, where the knowledge of system is limited. Under these circumstances, it is essential to balance the utilization of new information with…

Computation · Statistics 2025-01-15 Teng Lian , Jian-Qiang Hu , Yuhang Wu , Zeyu Zheng

Online black-box optimization (BBO) aims to optimize an objective function by iteratively querying a black-box oracle in a sample-efficient way. While prior studies focus on forward approaches such as Gaussian Processes (GPs) to learn a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Dongxia Wu , Nikki Lijing Kuang , Ruijia Niu , Yi-An Ma , Rose Yu

We propose Black-Box IoT (BBox-IoT), a new ultra-lightweight black-box system for authenticating and storing IoT data. BBox-IoT is tailored for deployment on IoT devices (including low-Size Weight and Power sensors) which are extremely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Panagiotis Chatzigiannis , Foteini Baldimtsi , Constantinos Kolias , Angelos Stavrou

The core challenge of high-dimensional and expensive black-box optimization (BBO) is how to obtain better performance faster with little function evaluation cost. The essence of the problem is how to design an efficient optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Xiaobin Li , Kai Wu , Xiaoyu Zhang , Handing Wang , Jing Liu

When gradient-based methods are impractical, black-box optimization (BBO) provides a valuable alternative. However, BBO often struggles with high-dimensional problems and limited trial budgets. In this work, we propose a novel approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-03 Riccardo Busetto , Manas Mejari , Marco Forgione , Alberto Bemporad , Dario Piga

Benchmarking is essential for developing and evaluating black-box optimization algorithms, providing a structured means to analyze their search behavior. Its effectiveness relies on carefully selected problem sets used for evaluation. To…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Iván Olarte Rodríguez , Maria Laura Santoni , Fabian Duddeck , Carola Doerr , Thomas Bäck , Elena Raponi

Black-Box Optimization (BBO) has found successful applications in many fields of science and engineering. Recently, there has been a growing interest in meta-learning particular components of BBO algorithms to speed up optimization and get…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Lei Song , Chenxiao Gao , Ke Xue , Chenyang Wu , Dong Li , Jianye Hao , Zongzhang Zhang , Chao Qian

We study offline black-box optimization (BBO), aiming to discover improved designs from an offline dataset of designs and labels, a problem common in robotics, DNA, and materials science with limited labeled samples. While recent work…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zipeng Sun , Can Chen , Ye Yuan , Haolun Wu , Jiayao Gu , Christopher Pal , Xue Liu

The `spotoptim` package implements surrogate-model-based optimization of expensive black-box functions in Python. Building on two decades of Sequential Parameter Optimization (SPO) methodology, it provides a Kriging-based optimization loop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Thomas Bartz-Beielstein

Black-box optimization is a powerful approach for discovering global optima in noisy and expensive black-box functions, a problem widely encountered in real-world scenarios. Recently, there has been a growing interest in leveraging domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Dat Phan-Trong , Hung The Tran , Alistair Shilton , Sunil Gupta

Black-box optimization (BBO) can be used to optimize functions whose analytic form is unknown. A common approach to realising BBO is to learn a surrogate model which approximates the target black-box function which can then be solved via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Jonas Nüßlein , Christoph Roch , Thomas Gabor , Jonas Stein , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien , Sebastian Feld

Handcrafted optimizers become prohibitively inefficient for complex black-box optimization (BBO) tasks. MetaBBO addresses this challenge by meta-learning to automatically configure optimizers for low-level BBO tasks, thereby eliminating…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chao Wang , Licheng Jiao , Lingling Li , Jiaxuan Zhao , Guanchun Wang , Fang Liu , Shuyuan Yang

Most black-box optimization methods require extensive hyperparameter tuning, often limiting their ability to generalize across different optimization domains. Foundation models for black-box optimization that learn optimization principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Aaron Klein , Herilalaina Rakotoarison , Luca Thale-Bombien , David Salinas

Black-box optimization (BBO) involves functions that are unknown, inexact and/or expensive-to-evaluate. Existing BBO algorithms face several challenges, including high computational cost from extensive evaluations, difficulty in handling…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Zixuan Zhang , Xiaowei Song , Jiaming Li , Yujiao Zeng , Yaling Nie , Min Zhu , Dongyun Lu , Yibo Zhang , Xin Xiao , Jie Li

Machine learning applications often require hyperparameter tuning. The hyperparameters usually drive both the efficiency of the model training process and the resulting model quality. For hyperparameter tuning, machine learning algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Patrick Koch , Oleg Golovidov , Steven Gardner , Brett Wujek , Joshua Griffin , Yan Xu

GitHub, renowned for facilitating collaborative code version control and software production in software teams, expanded its services in 2017 by introducing GitHub Marketplace. This online platform hosts automation tools to assist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 SK Golam Saroar , Waseefa Ahmed , Elmira Onagh , Maleknaz Nayebi