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With the rapid development of large language models (LLM), the evaluation of LLM becomes increasingly important. Measuring text generation tasks such as summarization and article creation is very difficult. Especially in specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kaiqi Zhang , Shuai Yuan , Honghan Zhao

While automated essay scoring (AES) can reliably grade essays at scale, automated writing evaluation (AWE) additionally provides formative feedback to guide essay revision. However, a neural AES typically does not provide useful feature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Haoran Zhang , Diane Litman

Evaluating student responses, from long essays to short factual answers, is a key challenge in educational NLP. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) focuses on holistic writing qualities such as coherence and argumentation, while Automatic Short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tasfia Seuti , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

As conversational AI-based dialogue management has increasingly become a trending topic, the need for a standardized and reliable evaluation procedure grows even more pressing. The current state of affairs suggests various evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Sarah E. Finch , Jinho D. Choi

Curricular analytics (CA) -- systematic analysis of curricula data to inform program and course refinement -- becomes an increasingly valuable tool to help institutions align academic offerings with evolving societal and economic demands.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zhen Xu , Xinjin Li , Yingqi Huan , Veronica Minaya , Renzhe Yu

Evaluating whether Multimodal Large Language Models can produce trustworthy, verifiable reasoning over long, visually rich documents requires evaluation beyond end-to-end answer accuracy. We introduce DocScope, a benchmark that formulates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xiang Feng , Jiawei Zhou , Zhangfeng Huang , Kewei Wang , Shanshan Ye , Jinxin Hu , Zulong Chen , Yong Luo , Jing Zhang

Though preceding work in computational argument quality (AQ) mostly focuses on assessing overall AQ, researchers agree that writers would benefit from feedback targeting individual dimensions of argumentation theory. However, a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Anne Lauscher , Lily Ng , Courtney Napoles , Joel Tetreault

The assessment of evaluation metrics (meta-evaluation) is crucial for determining the suitability of existing metrics in text-to-image (T2I) generation tasks. Human-based meta-evaluation is costly and time-intensive, and automated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Christoph Leiter , Yuki M. Asano , Margret Keuper , Steffen Eger

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the generation of coherent essays, making AI-assisted writing increasingly common in educational and professional settings. Using large-scale empirical data, we examine and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yang Zhong , Jiangang Hao , Michael Fauss , Chen Li , Yuan Wang

Multimodal document question answering requires retrieving dispersed evidence from visually rich long documents and performing reliable reasoning over heterogeneous information. Existing multimodal RAG systems remain limited by two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jiashu Yang , Chi Zhang , Abudukelimu Wuerkaixi , Xuxin Cheng , Cao Liu , Ke Zeng , Xu Jia , Xunliang Cai

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) offers an efficient and personalized method for assessing examinee proficiency by dynamically adjusting test questions based on individual performance. Compared to traditional, non-personalized testing…

Automatic scoring engines have been used for scoring approximately fifteen million test-takers in just the last three years. This number is increasing further due to COVID-19 and the associated automation of education and testing. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Anubha Kabra , Mehar Bhatia , Yaman Kumar , Junyi Jessy Li , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Language model heavily depends on high-quality data for optimal performance. Existing approaches rely on manually designed heuristics, the perplexity of existing models, training classifiers, or careful prompt engineering, which require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Honglin Guo , Kai Lv , Qipeng Guo , Tianyi Liang , Zhiheng Xi , Demin Song , Qiuyinzhe Zhang , Yu Sun , Kai Chen , Xipeng Qiu , Tao Gui

Multi-modal generative document parsing systems challenge traditional evaluation: unlike deterministic OCR or layout models, they often produce semantically correct yet structurally divergent outputs. Conventional metrics-CER, WER, IoU, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Renyu Li , Antonio Jimeno Yepes , Yao You , Kamil Pluciński , Maximilian Operlejn , Crag Wolfe

Automated scoring plays a crucial role in education by reducing the reliance on human raters, offering scalable and immediate evaluation of student work. While large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in this task, their use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yun Wang , Zhaojun Ding , Xuansheng Wu , Siyue Sun , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

We introduce ClarQ-LLM, an evaluation framework consisting of bilingual English-Chinese conversation tasks, conversational agents and evaluation metrics, designed to serve as a strong benchmark for assessing agents' ability to ask…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yujian Gan , Changling Li , Jinxia Xie , Luou Wen , Matthew Purver , Massimo Poesio

Many readers today struggle to assess the trustworthiness of online news because reliable reporting coexists with misinformation. The TREC 2025 DRAGUN (Detection, Retrieval, and Augmented Generation for Understanding News) Track provided a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Dake Zhang , Mark D. Smucker , Charles L. A. Clarke

We introduce CUS-QA, a benchmark for evaluation of open-ended regional question answering that encompasses both textual and visual modalities. We also provide strong baselines using state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs). Our dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jindřich Libovický , Jindřich Helcl , Andrei Manea , Gianluca Vico

High-quality datasets are fundamental to training and evaluating machine learning models, yet their creation-especially with accurate human annotations-remains a significant challenge. Many dataset paper submissions lack originality,…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), which integrate language and visual cues for problem-solving, are crucial for advancing artificial general intelligence (AGI). However, current benchmarks for measuring the intelligence of MLLMs…

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