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The rapid advancement of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has brought their safety vulnerabilities into sharp focus. However, existing red teaming methods are fundamentally constrained by an inherent linear exploration paradigm, confining them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Chunxiao Li , Lijun Li , Jing Shao

Multi-turn jailbreak attacks simulate real-world human interactions by engaging large language models (LLMs) in iterative dialogues, exposing critical safety vulnerabilities. However, existing methods often struggle to balance semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zonghao Ying , Deyue Zhang , Zonglei Jing , Yisong Xiao , Quanchen Zou , Aishan Liu , Siyuan Liang , Xiangzheng Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

As LLMs gain persuasive capabilities through extended dialogues, they create new opportunities for studying adversarial conversational behavior in extended interaction settings that traditional single-turn safety evaluations fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiangzhe Yuan , Zhenhao Zhang , Haoming Tang , Siying Hu

The proliferation of jailbreak attacks against large language models (LLMs) highlights the need for robust security measures. However, in multi-round dialogues, malicious intentions may be hidden in interactions, leading LLMs to be more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Weiyang Guo , Jing Li , Wenya Wang , YU LI , Daojing He , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

As large language models~(LLMs) become widely adopted, ensuring their alignment with human values is crucial to prevent jailbreaks where adversaries manipulate models to produce harmful content. While most defenses target single-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Siyu Yan , Long Zeng , Xuecheng Wu , Chengcheng Han , Kongcheng Zhang , Chong Peng , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai , Chenjuan Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have developed rapidly in web services, delivering unprecedented capabilities while amplifying societal risks. Existing works tend to focus on either isolated jailbreak attacks or static defenses, neglecting the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Xurui Li , Kaisong Song , Rui Zhu , Pin-Yu Chen , Haixu Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely deployed across various applications, yet their potential security and ethical risks have raised increasing concerns. Existing research employs red teaming evaluations, utilizing multi-turn…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Yize Liu , Yunyun Hou , Aina Sui

Malicious attackers can exploit large language models (LLMs) by engaging them in multi-turn dialogues to achieve harmful objectives, posing significant safety risks to society. To address this challenge, we propose a novel defense…

Language Model Models (LLMs) have improved dramatically in the past few years, increasing their adoption and the scope of their capabilities over time. A significant amount of work is dedicated to ``model alignment'', i.e., preventing LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Abhishek Singhania , Christophe Dupuy , Shivam Mangale , Amani Namboori

Multi-turn interactions with language models (LMs) pose critical safety risks, as harmful intent can be strategically spread across exchanges. Yet, the vast majority of prior work has focused on single-turn safety, while adaptability and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Salman Rahman , Liwei Jiang , James Shiffer , Genglin Liu , Sheriff Issaka , Md Rizwan Parvez , Hamid Palangi , Kai-Wei Chang , Yejin Choi , Saadia Gabriel

Automated red-teaming has become a crucial approach for uncovering vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs). However, most existing methods focus on isolated safety flaws, limiting their ability to adapt to dynamic defenses and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yanjiang Liu , Shuhen Zhou , Yaojie Lu , Huijia Zhu , Weiqiang Wang , Hongyu Lin , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

This paper presents the vision, scientific contributions, and technical details of RedTWIZ: an adaptive and diverse multi-turn red teaming framework, to audit the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in AI-assisted software…

Red teaming is critical for identifying vulnerabilities and building trust in current LLMs. However, current automated methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on brittle prompt templates or single-turn attacks, failing to capture the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Roman Belaire , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass safety alignment and elicit harmful responses. A growing body of work shows that contextual priming, where earlier turns covertly bias later replies,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Mario Rodríguez Béjar , Francisco J. Cortés-Delgado , S. Braghin , Jose L. Hernández-Ramos

The rapid progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities across various domains and applications; yet it also presents challenges related to potential misuse. To mitigate such risks, red teaming has been employed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yifan Jiang , Kriti Aggarwal , Tanmay Laud , Kashif Munir , Jay Pujara , Subhabrata Mukherjee

As large language models (LLMs) constantly evolve, ensuring their safety remains a critical research problem. Previous red-teaming approaches for LLM safety have primarily focused on single prompt attacks or goal hijacking. To the best of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Erxin Yu , Jing Li , Ming Liao , Siqi Wang , Zuchen Gao , Fei Mi , Lanqing Hong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that bypass safety guidelines and generate harmful content. Mitigating these vulnerabilities requires defense mechanisms that are both robust and computationally efficient.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gil Goren , Shahar Katz , Lior Wolf

We introduce Tempest, a multi-turn adversarial framework that models the gradual erosion of Large Language Model (LLM) safety through a tree search perspective. Unlike single-turn jailbreaks that rely on one meticulously engineered prompt,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Andy Zhou , Ron Arel

The exploitation of large language models (LLMs) for malicious purposes poses significant security risks as these models become more powerful and widespread. While most existing red-teaming frameworks focus on single-turn attacks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Si Chen , Xiao Yu , Ninareh Mehrabi , Rahul Gupta , Zhou Yu , Ruoxi Jia

Multi-turn dialogue is the predominant form of interaction with large language models (LLMs). While LLM routing is effective in single-turn settings, existing methods fail to maximize cumulative performance in multi-turn dialogue due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiarui Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Hang Zeng , Shaojie Tang , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen
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