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Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has become the standard paradigm for enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve complex problems. However, recent studies reveal a sharp performance drop in reasoning hop generalization scenarios, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zhaoyi Li , Jiatong Li , Gangwei Jiang , Linqi Song , Defu Lian , Ying Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in tackling various tasks based on human instructions, but studies reveal that they often struggle with tasks requiring reasoning, such as math or physics. This limitation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ruoyu Wang , Xiaoxuan Li , Lina Yao

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved commendable accomplishments in various natural language processing tasks. However, LLMs still encounter significant challenges when dealing with complex scenarios involving multiple entities. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yanming Liu , Xinyue Peng , Tianyu Du , Jianwei Yin , Weihao Liu , Xuhong Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become a pivotal approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a significant theoretical gap persists, as traditional token-level RL frameworks fail to align with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zeyu Gan , Hao Yi , Yong Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently become the dominant paradigm for strengthening the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Yet the rule-based reward functions commonly used on mathematical or programming benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Haoyang He , Zihua Rong , Kun Ji , Chenyang Li , Qing Huang , Chong Xia , Lan Yang , Honggang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant advancements in reasoning capabilities, performing well on various challenging benchmarks. Techniques like Chain-of-Thought prompting have been introduced to further improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zehui Ling , Deshu Chen , Hongwei Zhang , Yifeng Jiao , Xin Guo , Yuan Cheng

Long-context question-answering (LCQA) systems have greatly benefited from the powerful reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), which can be categorized into slow and quick reasoning modes. However, both modes have their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Zhengyi Zhao , Shubo Zhang , Zezhong Wang , Bin Liang , Binyang Li , Kam-Fai Wong

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning demonstrate impressive problem-solving abilities. However, in this work, we identify a recurring issue where these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chung-En Sun , Ge Yan , Tsui-Wei Weng

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model (LLM) reasoning by using a small draft model to generate candidate tokens, which the target LLM either accepts directly or regenerates upon rejection. However, excessive alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Tiancheng Su , Meicong Zhang , Guoxiu He

While recent success of large reasoning models (LRMs) significantly advanced LLMs' reasoning capability by optimizing the final answer accuracy using reinforcement learning, they may also drastically increase the output length due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Sohyun An , Ruochen Wang , Tianyi Zhou , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Large reasoning models (LRMs) often consume excessive tokens, inflating computational cost and latency. More broadly, in goal reaching sequential decision problems we often want to reach the goal quickly, and LRM reasoning can be viewed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Alex Ayoub , Kavosh Asadi , Dale Schuurmans , Csaba Szepesvári , Karim Bouyarmane

Large language models (LLMs) can perform reasoning computations both internally within their latent space and externally by generating explicit token sequences like chains of thought. Significant progress in enhancing reasoning abilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi

Large reasoning models have achieved remarkable performance through extended chain-of-thought sequences, yet this computational freedom leads to excessive token generation even for simple problems. We present Length-Adaptive Policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Xingyu Wu , Yuchen Yan , Shangke Lyu , Linjuan Wu , Yiwen Qiu , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu , Jian Shao , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate that chain-of-thought prompting and deep reasoning substantially enhance performance on complex tasks, and multi-agent systems can further improve accuracy by enabling model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Zehui Ling , Deshu Chen , Yichi Zhang , Yuchen Liu , Xigui Li , Xin Guo , Yuan Cheng

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for chain-of-thought reasoning presents a significant challenge: supervised fine-tuning on a single "golden" rationale hurts generalization as it penalizes equally valid alternatives, whereas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mingye Zhu , Yi Liu , Zheren Fu , Quan Wang , Yongdong Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) for complex reasoning is often hindered by high computational costs and latency, while resource-efficient Small Language Models (SLMs) typically lack the necessary reasoning capacity. Existing collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Chengsong Huang , Tong Zheng , Langlin Huang , Jinyuan Li , Haolin Liu , Jiaxin Huang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) increasingly rely on reasoning traces with complex internal structures. However, existing work lacks a unified answer to three fundamental questions: (1) what defines high-quality reasoning, (2) how to reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Haoran Zhang , Yafu Li , Zhi Wang , Zhilin Wang , Shunkai Zhang , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs) but often leads to verbose and redundant outputs, thus increasing inference cost. We hypothesize that many reasoning steps are unnecessary for producing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xin Liu , Lu Wang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shifted from explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to more efficient latent reasoning, where intermediate thoughts are represented as vectors rather than text. However, latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wengao Ye , Yan Liang , Lianlei Shan

With powerful large language models (LLMs) demonstrating superhuman reasoning capabilities, a critical question arises: Do LLMs genuinely reason, or do they merely recall answers from their extensive, web-scraped training datasets? Publicly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Haowei Lin , Xiangyu Wang , Ruilin Yan , Baizhou Huang , Haotian Ye , Jianhua Zhu , Zihao Wang , James Zou , Jianzhu Ma , Yitao Liang