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Using finite-state machines to learn patterns, Tsetlin machines (TMs) have obtained competitive accuracy and learning speed across several benchmarks, with frugal memory- and energy footprint. A TM represents patterns as conjunctive clauses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Sondre Glimsdal , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Tsetlin Machines (TsMs) are a promising and interpretable machine learning method which can be applied for various classification tasks. We present an exact encoding of TsMs into propositional logic and formally verify properties of TsMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Emilia Przybysz , Bimal Bhattarai , Cosimo Persia , Ana Ozaki , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Jivitesh Sharma

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have garnered increasing interest for their ability to learn concepts via propositional formulas and their proven efficiency across various application domains. Despite this, the convergence proof for the TMs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Mohamed-Bachir Belaid , Jivitesh Sharma , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Per-Arne Andersen , Anis Yazidi

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) provide a fundamental shift from arithmetic-based to logic-based machine learning. Supporting convolution, they deal successfully with image classification datasets like MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and CIFAR-2. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have emerged as a compelling alternative to conventional deep learning methods, offering notable advantages such as smaller memory footprint, faster inference, fault-tolerant properties, and interpretability. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Sara El Mekkaoui , Andreas Hafver , Christian Agrell

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a novel alternative to deep neural networks (DNNs). Unlike DNNs, which rely on multi-path arithmetic operations, a TM learns propositional logic patterns from data literals using Tsetlin automata. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shengyu Duan , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev

Recommendation Systems (RSs) are ubiquitous in modern society and are one of the largest points of interaction between humans and AI. Modern RSs are often implemented using deep learning models, which are infamously difficult to interpret.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Karl Audun Borgersen , Morten Goodwin , Jivitesh Sharma

The proliferation of fake news, i.e., news intentionally spread for misinformation, poses a threat to individuals and society. Despite various fact-checking websites such as PolitiFact, robust detection techniques are required to deal with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Bimal Bhattarai , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

The increasing complexity of large-scale language models has amplified concerns regarding their interpretability and reusability. While traditional embedding models like Word2Vec and GloVe offer scalability, they lack transparency and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Ahmed K. Kadhim , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Model interpretability is a requirement in many applications in which crucial decisions are made by users relying on a model's outputs. The recent movement for "algorithmic fairness" also stipulates explainability, and therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Xuan Liu , Xiaoguang Wang , Stan Matwin

Pretrained language models (PLMs) like BERT provide strong semantic representations but are costly and opaque, while symbolic models such as the Tsetlin Machine (TM) offer transparency but lack semantic generalization. We propose a semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiechao Gao , Rohan Kumar Yadav , Yuangang Li , Yuandong Pan , Jie Wang , Ying Liu , Michael Lepech

Despite significant effort, building models that are both interpretable and accurate is an unresolved challenge for many pattern recognition problems. In general, rule-based and linear models lack accuracy, while deep learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Morten Goodwin

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) offers high-speed inference on resource-constrained devices such as CPUs. Its logic-driven operations naturally lend themselves to parallel execution on modern CPU architectures. Motivated by this, we propose an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yefan Zeng , Shengyu Duan , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev

In this article, we introduce a novel variant of the Tsetlin machine (TM) that randomly drops clauses, the key learning elements of a TM. In effect, TM with drop clause ignores a random selection of the clauses in each epoch, selected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Jivitesh Sharma , Rohan Yadav , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

Data modeling using Tsetlin machines (TMs) is all about building logical rules from the data features. The decisions of the model are based on a combination of these logical rules. Hence, the model is fully transparent and it is possible to…

The development and adoption of Vision Transformers and other deep-learning architectures for image classification tasks has been rapid. However, the "black box" nature of neural networks is a barrier to adoption in applications where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mariano V. Ntrougkas , Nikolaos Gkalelis , Vasileios Mezaris

Using logical clauses to represent patterns, Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have recently obtained competitive performance in terms of accuracy, memory footprint, energy, and learning speed on several benchmarks. Each TM clause votes for or against…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-10 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Bimal Bhattarai , Morten Goodwin , Saeed Gorji , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao , Rupsa Saha , Rohan K. Yadav

All applications in fifth-generation (5G) networks rely on stable radio-frequency (RF) environments to support mission-critical services in mobility, automation, and connected intelligence. Their exposure to intentional interference or…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Vojtech Halenka , Mohammadreza Amini , Per-Arne Andersen , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Burak Kantarci

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a novel machine-learning algorithm based on propositional logic, which has obtained state-of-the-art performance on several pattern recognition problems. In previous studies, the convergence properties of TM for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Lei Jiao , Xuan Zhang , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Green Tsetlin (GT) is a Tsetlin Machine (TM) framework developed to solve real-world problems using TMs. Several frameworks already exist that provide access to TM implementations. However, these either lack features or have a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Sondre Glimsdal , Sebastian Østby , Tobias M. Brambo , Eirik M. Vinje