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As AI assistants become commonplace in daily life, the demand for solutions that reduce the cost of inference without sacrificing utility is increasing. Existing work on AI sustainability frequently emphasizes hardware and software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Madeline Jennings , Novarun Deb , Ronnie de Souza Santos

Sustainable AI is a subfield of AI for concerning developing and using AI systems in ways of aiming to reduce environmental impact and achieve sustainability. Sustainable AI is increasingly important given that training of and inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Tao Xie , David Harel , Dezhi Ran , Zhenwen Li , Maoliang Li , Zhi Yang , Leye Wang , Xiang Chen , Ying Zhang , Wentao Zhang , Meng Li , Chen Zhang , Linyi Li , Assaf Marron

With the ever-growing adoption of AI, its impact on the environment is no longer negligible. Despite the potential that continual learning could have towards Green AI, its environmental sustainability remains relatively uncharted. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Tomaso Trinci , Simone Magistri , Roberto Verdecchia , Andrew D. Bagdanov

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

AI research is increasingly moving toward complex problem solving, where models are optimized not only for pattern recognition but for multi-step reasoning. Historically, computing's global energy footprint has been stabilized by sustained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Philipp Wiesner , Daniel W. O'Neill , Francesca Larosa , Odej Kao

The past decade has seen a massive rise in the popularity of AI systems, mainly owing to the developments in Gen AI, which has revolutionized numerous industries and applications. However, this progress comes at a considerable cost to the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shyam Agarwal , Mahasweta Chakraborti

Artificial intelligence have contributed to advancements across various industries. However, the rapid growth of artificial intelligence technologies also raises concerns about their environmental impact, due to associated carbon footprints…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-28 Szymon Mazurek , Monika Pytlarz , Sylwia Malec , Alessandro Crimi

Modern AI practices all strive towards the same goal: better results. In the context of deep learning, the term "results" often refers to the achieved accuracy on a competitive problem set. In this paper, we adopt an idea from the emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Tim Yarally , Luís Cruz , Daniel Feitosa , June Sallou , Arie van Deursen

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has significantly increased the electricity, water, and carbon demands of modern data centers, raising sustainability concerns. This study evaluates the environmental footprint of AI server…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aadi Patel , Nikhil Mahalingam , Rusheen Patel

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently spearheaded by machine learning (ML) methods such as deep learning which have accelerated progress on many tasks thought to be out of reach of AI. These recent ML methods are often compute hungry,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Dustin Wright , Christian Igel , Gabrielle Samuel , Raghavendra Selvan

This paper introduces an infrastructure-aware benchmarking framework for quantifying the environmental footprint of LLM inference across 30 state-of-the-art models in commercial datacenters. The framework combines public API performance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nidhal Jegham , Marwan Abdelatti , Chan Young Koh , Lassad Elmoubarki , Abdeltawab Hendawi

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved significant advancements in technology and research with the development over several decades, and is widely used in many areas including computing vision, natural language processing, time-series…

As AI capabilities and deployment accelerate toward a post-AGI era, concerns are growing about electricity demand and carbon emissions from AI computing, yet it is rarely represented explicitly in long term energy-economy-climate scenario…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Doyi Kim , Jiseok Ahn , Haewon McJeon , Changick Kim

The growing carbon footprint of artificial intelligence (AI) has been undergoing public scrutiny. Nonetheless, the equally important water (withdrawal and consumption) footprint of AI has largely remained under the radar. For example,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Pengfei Li , Jianyi Yang , Mohammad A. Islam , Shaolei Ren

As artificial intelligence (AI) models quickly spread and become more advanced, they are requiring an ever-increasing amount of data and compute capability, leading to a significant energy cost. Training and inference of AI models including…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anirudh Shankar , Avhishek Chatterjee , Anjan Chakravorty

The electric power sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in the world. In recent years, there has been an unprecedented increase in electricity demand driven by the so-called Artificial Intelligence (AI)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Claudio Battiloro , Gianluca Guidi , Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Francesca Dominici

Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly significant role in our everyday lives. This trend is expected to continue, especially with recent pushes to move more AI to the edge. However, one of the biggest challenges associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Cory Merkel

Sustainability encompasses three key facets: economic, environmental, and social. However, the nascent discourse that is emerging on sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) has predominantly focused on the environmental sustainability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Pedram Bakhtiarifard , Pınar Tözün , Christian Igel , Raghavendra Selvan

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan