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The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has highlighted the pressing need for reliable mechanisms to verify content ownership and ensure traceability. Watermarking offers a promising path forward, but it remains limited by privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Thomas Fargues , Ye Dong , Tianwei Zhang , Jin-Song Dong

As large language models become increasingly capable and widely deployed, verifying the provenance of machine-generated content is critical to ensuring trust, safety, and accountability. Watermarking techniques have emerged as a promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Ruibo Chen , Georgios Milis , Heng Huang

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), safeguarding textual content against unauthorized use is crucial. Watermarking offers a vital solution, protecting both - LLM-generated and plain text sources. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Harsh Nishant Lalai , Aashish Anantha Ramakrishnan , Raj Sanjay Shah , Dongwon Lee

LLM watermarking has attracted attention as a promising way to detect AI-generated content, with some works suggesting that current schemes may already be fit for deployment. In this work we dispute this claim, identifying watermark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

The effectiveness of watermark algorithms in AI-generated text identification has garnered significant attention. Concurrently, an increasing number of watermark algorithms have been proposed to enhance the robustness against various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xianheng Feng , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gearing up to surpass human creativity. The veracity of the statement needs careful consideration. In recent developments, critical questions arise regarding the authenticity of human work and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Sai Teja Lekkala , Yadagiri Annepaka , Arun Kumar Challa , Samatha Reddy Machireddy , Partha Pakray , Chukhu Chunka

Large language models (LLMs) have distinct and consistent stylistic fingerprints, even when prompted to write in different writing styles. Detecting these fingerprints is important for many reasons, among them protecting intellectual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yehonatan Bitton , Elad Bitton , Shai Nisan

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) is a promising approach for detecting LLM-generated text and enabling responsible deployment. However, existing watermarking methods are often vulnerable to semantic-invariant attacks, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhenxin Ai , Haiyun He

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced to a point that even humans have difficulty discerning whether a text was generated by another human, or by a computer. However, knowing whether a text was produced by human or artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Kathleen C. Fraser , Hillary Dawkins , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Large language models (LLMs) present significant risks when used to generate non-factual content and spread disinformation at scale. Detecting such LLM-generated content is crucial, yet current detectors often struggle to generalize in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ran Li , Wei Hao , Weiliang Zhao , Junfeng Yang , Chengzhi Mao

The rapid adoption of diffusion-based generative models has intensified concerns over the attribution and integrity of AI-generated content (AIGC). Existing single-domain watermarking methods either fail under regeneration, remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 JinFeng Xie , Chengfu Ou , Peipeng Yu , Xiaoyu Zhou , Dingding Huang , Jianwei Fei , Zixuan Shen , Zhihua Xia

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform impressively well in various applications. However, the potential for misuse of these models in activities such as plagiarism, generating fake news, and spamming has raised concern about their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Aounon Kumar , Sriram Balasubramanian , Wenxiao Wang , Soheil Feizi

The rapid progress of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has enabled the effortless synthesis of high-quality visual content, while simultaneously raising pressing concerns about intellectual property protection, authenticity, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jie Cao , Qi Li , Zelin Zhang , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

Text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) can effectively identify machine-generated texts by embedding and detecting hidden features in the text. Although the current text watermarking algorithms perform well in most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yijian Lu , Aiwei Liu , Dianzhi Yu , Jingjing Li , Irwin King

We present a publicly-detectable watermarking scheme for LMs: the detection algorithm contains no secret information, and it is executable by anyone. We embed a publicly-verifiable cryptographic signature into LM output using rejection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jaiden Fairoze , Sanjam Garg , Somesh Jha , Saeed Mahloujifar , Mohammad Mahmoody , Mingyuan Wang

We introduce TextSeal, a state-of-the-art watermark for large language models. Building on Gumbel-max sampling, TextSeal introduces dual-key generation to restore output diversity, along with entropy-weighted scoring and multi-region…

Large language model (LLM) watermarking has shown promise in detecting AI-generated content and mitigating misuse, with prior work claiming robustness against paraphrasing and text editing. In this paper, we argue that existing evaluations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Hanbo Huang , Yiran Zhang , Hao Zheng , Xuan Gong , Yihan Li , Lin Liu , Zhuotao Liu , Shiyu Liang

In this paper, we propose a novel statistical framework for watermarking generative categorical data. Our method systematically embeds pre-agreed secret signals by splitting the data distribution into two components and modifying one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Bochao Gu , Hengzhi He , Guang Cheng

Watermarking has become a practical tool for tracing language model outputs, but it modifies token probabilities at inference time, which were carefully tuned by alignment training. This creates a tension: how do watermark-induced shifts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Apurv Verma , NhatHai Phan , Shubhendu Trivedi

Large language models now draft news, legal analyses, and software code with human-level fluency. At the same time, regulations such as the EU AI Act mandate that each synthetic passage carry an imperceptible, machine-verifiable mark for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shinwoo Park , Hyejin Park , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han
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