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Sequence-to-sequence models have become central in Artificial Intelligence, particularly following the introduction of the transformer architecture. While initially developed for Natural Language Processing, these models have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Daniel Gallo Fernández

We introduce a novel neural network module that adeptly handles recursive data flow in neural network architectures. At its core, this module employs a self-consistent approach where a set of recursive equations is solved iteratively,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Konstantin Kolokolov , Pavel Pekichev , Karthik Raghunathan

Recursion is a prominent feature of human language, and fundamentally challenging for self-attention due to the lack of an explicit recursive-state tracking mechanism. Consequently, Transformer language models poorly capture long-tail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Shikhar Murty , Pratyusha Sharma , Jacob Andreas , Christopher D. Manning

Neural end-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) , which adopts either a recurrent model, e.g. Tacotron, or an attention one, e.g. Transformer, to characterize a speech utterance, has achieved significant improvement of speech synthesis. However, it…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-18 Xi Wang , Huaiping Ming , Lei He , Frank K. Soong

Large reasoning models achieve strong performance through test-time scaling, but this incurs substantial computational overhead due to long decoding from short prompts. While sparse attention can reduce latency and memory usage, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Lijie Yang , Zhihao Zhang , Arti Jain , Shijie Cao , Baihong Yuan , Yiwei Chen , Zhihao Jia , Ravi Netravali

Accommodating long sequences efficiently in autoregressive Transformers, especially within an extended context window, poses significant challenges due to the quadratic computational complexity and substantial KV memory requirements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Chao Lou , Zixia Jia , Zilong Zheng , Kewei Tu

Long-sequence processing is a critical capability for modern large language models. However, the self-attention mechanism in the standard Transformer architecture faces severe computational and memory bottlenecks when processing long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weilin Zhao , Zihan Zhou , Zhou Su , Chaojun Xiao , Yuxuan Li , Yanghao Li , Yudi Zhang , Weilun Zhao , Zhen Li , Yuxiang Huang , Ao Sun , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu

Semantic segmentation based on sparse annotation has advanced in recent years. It labels only part of each object in the image, leaving the remainder unlabeled. Most of the existing approaches are time-consuming and often necessitate a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Hui Su , Yue Ye , Wei Hua , Lechao Cheng , Mingli Song

Transformer-based architectures have become the prevailing backbone of large language models. However, the quadratic time and memory complexity of self-attention remains a fundamental obstacle to efficient long-context modeling. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yutao Sun , Zhenyu Li , Yike Zhang , Tengyu Pan , Bowen Dong , Yuyi Guo , Jianyong Wang

Spiking Neural Networks have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their distinctive low-power characteristics. Meanwhile, Transformer models, known for their powerful self-attention mechanisms and parallel processing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hangming Zhang , Alexander Sboev , Roman Rybka , Qiang Yu

Recursive (looped) Transformers decouple computational depth from parameter depth by repeatedly applying shared layers, providing an explicit architectural primitive for iterative refinement and latent reasoning. However, early looped…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Chengting Yu , Xiaobo Shu , Yadao Wang , Yizhen Zhang , Haoyi Wu , You Wu , Rujiao Long , Ziheng Chen , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

Transformer models have demonstrated high accuracy in numerous applications but have high complexity and lack sequential processing capability making them ill-suited for many streaming applications at the edge where devices are heavily…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Zeyu Liu , Gourav Datta , Anni Li , Peter Anthony Beerel

Recursive reasoning models such as Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM) and Tiny Recursive Model (TRM) show that small, weight-shared networks can solve compute-heavy and NP puzzles by iteratively refining latent states, but their training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Navid Hakimi

Self-attention has recently been adopted for a wide range of sequence modeling problems. Despite its effectiveness, self-attention suffers from quadratic compute and memory requirements with respect to sequence length. Successful approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Aurko Roy , Mohammad Saffar , Ashish Vaswani , David Grangier

Over the last two decades, language modeling has experienced a shift from the use of predominantly recurrent architectures that process tokens sequentially during training and inference to non-recurrent models that process sequence elements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

Recurrent Neural Networks have long been the dominating choice for sequence modeling. However, it severely suffers from two issues: impotent in capturing very long-term dependencies and unable to parallelize the sequential computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-15 Zhiwei Wang , Yao Ma , Zitao Liu , Jiliang Tang

The quadratic complexity of standard self-attention severely limits the application of Transformer-based models to long-context tasks. While efficient Transformer variants exist, they often require architectural changes and costly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jiangshu Du , Wenpeng Yin , Philip Yu

Transformers evaluated in a single, fixed-depth pass are provably limited in expressive power to the constant-depth circuit class TC0. Running a Transformer autoregressively removes that ceiling -- first in next-token prediction and, more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Mrinal Mathur , Mike Doan , Barak Pearlmutter , Sergey Plis

Modern sequence modeling is dominated by two families: Transformers, whose self-attention can access arbitrary elements of the visible sequence, and structured state-space models, which propagate information through an explicit recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Liubomyr Horbatko