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Continual learning, also known as lifelong learning or incremental learning, refers to the process by which a model learns from a stream of incoming data over time. A common problem in continual learning is the classification layer's bias…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Haoran Chen , Micah Goldblum , Zuxuan Wu , Yu-Gang Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently benefit from scaled Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but also suffer from heavy computational overhead. To address this issue, efficient reasoning aims to incentivize short yet accurate thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiqiang Wu , Zenan Xu , Bo Zhou , Ngai Wong

Reasoning models enhance performance by tackling problems in a step-by-step manner, decomposing them into sub-problems and exploring long chains of thought before producing an answer. However, applying extended reasoning to every step…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Haiquan Lu , Gongfan Fang , Xinyin Ma , Qi Li , Xinchao Wang

Large reasoning models (LRMs) like OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek R1 have demonstrated impressive performance on complex reasoning tasks like mathematics and programming with long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning sequences (slow-thinking), compared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jason Zhu , Hongyu Li

While large reasoning models demonstrate strong performance on complex tasks, they lack the ability to adjust reasoning token usage based on task difficulty. This often leads to the "overthinking" problem -- excessive and unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Siye Wu , Jian Xie , Yikai Zhang , Aili Chen , Kai Zhang , Yu Su , Yanghua Xiao

Scaling inference-time computation has substantially improved the reasoning capabilities of language models. However, existing methods have significant limitations: serialized chain-of-thought approaches generate overly long outputs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jiayi Pan , Xiuyu Li , Long Lian , Charlie Snell , Yifei Zhou , Adam Yala , Trevor Darrell , Kurt Keutzer , Alane Suhr

Recent studies show that the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) can be improved by applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) to question-answering (QA) tasks in areas such as math and coding. With a long context length, LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Stephen Chung , Wenyu Du , Jie Fu

Scaling test-time compute via extended reasoning has become a key paradigm for improving the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, existing approaches optimize reasoning under fixed or uniformly sampled token budgets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Amirul Rahman , Aisha Karim , Kenji Nakamura , Yi-Fan Ng

While recent success of large reasoning models (LRMs) significantly advanced LLMs' reasoning capability by optimizing the final answer accuracy using reinforcement learning, they may also drastically increase the output length due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Sohyun An , Ruochen Wang , Tianyi Zhou , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in solving complex problems through reinforcement learning (RL), particularly by generating long reasoning traces. However, these extended outputs often exhibit substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Wei Liu , Ruochen Zhou , Yiyun Deng , Yuzhen Huang , Junteng Liu , Yuntian Deng , Yizhe Zhang , Junxian He

Large reasoning models (LRMs) are proficient at generating explicit, step-by-step reasoning sequences before producing final answers. However, such detailed reasoning can introduce substantial computational overhead and latency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Songjun Tu , Jiahao Lin , Qichao Zhang , Xiangyu Tian , Linjing Li , Xiangyuan Lan , Dongbin Zhao

While the self-attention mechanism has been widely used in a wide variety of tasks, it has the unfortunate property of a quadratic cost with respect to the input length, which makes it difficult to deal with long inputs. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Xiaoya Li , Yuxian Meng , Mingxin Zhou , Qinghong Han , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li

Reasoning abilities, especially those for solving complex math problems, are crucial components of general intelligence. Recent advances by proprietary companies, such as o-series models of OpenAI, have made remarkable progress on reasoning…

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have revolutionized complex problem-solving, yet they exhibit a pervasive "overthinking", generating unnecessarily long reasoning chains. While current solutions improve token efficiency, they often sacrifice…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Weiyang Huang , Xuefeng Bai , Kehai Chen , Xinyang Chen , Yibin Chen , Weili Guan , Min Zhang

We introduce SIRI, Scaling Iterative Reinforcement Learning with Interleaved Compression, a simple yet effective RL approach for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that enables more efficient and accurate reasoning. Existing studies have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haoming Wen , Yushi Bai , Juanzi Li , Jie Tang

\ac{CoT} prompting improves LLM accuracy on complex tasks but often increases token usage and inference cost. Existing ``Budget Forcing'' methods reduce cost via fine-tuning with heuristic length penalties, suppressing both essential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Fabio Valerio Massoli , Andrey Kuzmin , Arash Behboodi

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from the ``over-thinking'' problem, generating unnecessarily long reasoning on simple tasks. Some strategies have been proposed to mitigate this issue, such as length penalties or routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jian Xie , Zhendong Chu , Aoxiao Zhong , Kai Zhang , Mingzhe Han , Xing Fan , Jialie Shen , Qingsong Wen

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet they often suffer from overthinking, expending redundant computational steps on simple problems, or underthinking, failing to explore sufficient reasoning paths…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yulin Li , Tengyao Tu , Li Ding , Junjie Wang , Huiling Zhen , Yixin Chen , Yong Li , Zhuotao Tian

Scaling test-time compute via long Chain-of-Thought unlocks remarkable gains in reasoning capabilities, yet it faces practical limits due to the linear growth of KV cache and quadratic attention complexity. In this paper, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yinya Huang , Yongxin Wang , Wenlei Shi , Yiwei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Jing Tang

Improving reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), especially under parameter constraints, is crucial for real-world applications. Looped transformers address this by performing multiple latent iterations to refine each token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tianyu Fu , Yichen You , Zekai Chen , Guohao Dai , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang