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Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Baixuan Li , Jialong Wu , Wenbiao Yin , Kuan Li , Zhongwang Zhang , Huifeng Yin , Zhengwei Tao , Liwen Zhang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang

With the fast development of large language models (LLMs), LLM-driven Web Agents (Web Agents for short) have obtained tons of attention due to their superior capability where LLMs serve as the core part of making decisions like the human…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Fangzhou Wu , Shutong Wu , Yulong Cao , Chaowei Xiao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in code generation, they often struggle with the deep, long-horizon reasoning required for complex software engineering. We attribute this limitation to the nature of…

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the development of intelligent LLM-based agents capable of interacting with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). These agents demonstrate strong reasoning and adaptability,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Wenjia Jiang , Yangyang Zhuang , Chenxi Song , Xu Yang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Chi Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) that have been trained on a corpus that includes large amount of code exhibit a remarkable ability to understand HTML code. As web interfaces are primarily constructed using HTML, we design an in-depth study to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Faria Huq , Jeffrey P. Bigham , Nikolas Martelaro

Intelligent agents powered by AI planning assist people in complex scenarios, such as managing teams of semi-autonomous vehicles. However, AI planning models may be incomplete, leading to plans that do not adequately meet the stated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Ronal Singh , Tim Miller , Darryn Reid

The study of autonomous agents has a long tradition in the Multiagent Systems and the Semantic Web communities, with applications ranging from automating business processes to personal assistants. More recently, the Web of Things (WoT),…

Ranking online reviews by their intrinsic quality is a critical task for e-commerce platforms and information services, impacting user experience and business outcomes. However, quality is a domain-dependent and dynamic concept, making its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xiaochong Lan , Jie Feng , Yinxing Liu , Xinlei Shi , Yong Li

Browser-based language models often use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) but typically rely on fixed, outdated indices that give users no control over which sources are consulted. This can lead to answers that mix trusted and untrusted…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Saber Zerhoudi , Michael Dinzinger , Michael Granitzer , Jelena Mitrovic

As one of the most popular software applications, a web application is a program, accessible through the web, to dynamically generate content based on user interactions or contextual data, for example, online shopping platforms, social…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Tao Li , Rubing Huang , Chenhui Cui , Dave Towey , Lei Ma , Yuan-Fang Li , Wen Xia

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are rapidly improving to handle increasingly complex web-based tasks. Most of these agents rely on general-purpose, proprietary models like GPT-4 and focus on designing better prompts to improve their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Junhong Shen , Atishay Jain , Zedian Xiao , Ishan Amlekar , Mouad Hadji , Aaron Podolny , Ameet Talwalkar

The increasing deployment of autonomous AI agents on the web is hampered by a fundamental misalignment: agents must infer affordances from human-oriented user interfaces, leading to brittle, inefficient, and insecure interactions. To…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Sven Schultze , Meike Verena Kietzmann , Nils-Lucas Schönfeld , Ruth Stock-Homburg

Recent advancements in language models have demonstrated remarkable improvements in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as web navigation. Supervised learning (SL) approaches have achieved impressive performance while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Lucas-Andreï Thil , Mirela Popa , Gerasimos Spanakis

Large language model (LLM)-based systems are becoming increasingly popular for solving tasks by constructing executable workflows that interleave LLM calls, information retrieval, tool use, code execution, memory updates, and verification.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ling Yue , Kushal Raj Bhandari , Ching-Yun Ko , Dhaval Patel , Shuxin Lin , Nianjun Zhou , Jianxi Gao , Pin-Yu Chen , Shaowu Pan

Tool-calling agents are increasingly deployed in real-world customer-facing workflows. Yet most studies on tool-calling agents focus on idealized settings with general, fixed, and well-specified tasks. In real-world applications, user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Ziyi Wang , Yuxuan Lu , Yimeng Zhang , Pei Chen , Ziwei Dong , Jing Huang , Jiri Gesi , Xianfeng Tang , Chen Luo , Qun Liu , Yisi Sang , Hanqing Lu , Manling Li , Jin Lai , Dakuo Wang

Agentic systems increasingly rely on reusable procedural capabilities, \textit{a.k.a., agentic skills}, to execute long-horizon workflows reliably. These capabilities are callable modules that package procedural knowledge with explicit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yanna Jiang , Delong Li , Haiyu Deng , Baihe Ma , Xu Wang , Qin Wang , Guangsheng Yu

We present Natural Language Tools (NLT), a framework that replaces programmatic JSON tool calling in large language models (LLMs) with natural language outputs. By decoupling tool selection from response generation, NLT eliminates task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Reid T. Johnson , Michelle D. Pain , Jordan D. West

Researchers and practitioners have recently reframed powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) as agents, enabling them to automate complex tasks largely via the use of specialized functions. To facilitate the development of LLM agents, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Shaokun Zhang , Jieyu Zhang , Jiale Liu , Linxin Song , Chi Wang , Ranjay Krishna , Qingyun Wu

From ancient water wheels to robotic process automation (RPA), automation technology has evolved throughout history to liberate human beings from arduous tasks. Yet, RPA struggles with tasks needing human-like intelligence, especially in…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in building generalist agents that can learn through online interactions. However, applying reinforcement learning (RL) to train LLM agents in multi-turn,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanchen Zhang , Xiao Liu , Bowen Lv , Xueqiao Sun , Bohao Jing , Iat Long Iong , Zhenyu Hou , Zehan Qi , Hanyu Lai , Yifan Xu , Rui Lu , Hongning Wang , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong