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Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) facilitate computation by cascaded programmable layers so that part of the signal processing can be performed in the wave domain during signal propagation, rather than solely after reception. This…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Mengbing Liu , Chau Yuen , Dusit Niyato , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently emerged as a key enabler for realizing electromagnetic wave-domain signal processing in next-generation wireless networks. However, practical SIM implementations often suffer from…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Xing Jia , Hao Liu , Haoxian Niu , Jinbao Li , Xiangyu Ding , Lu Gan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) represents an advanced signal processing paradigm that enables over-the-air processing of electromagnetic waves at the speed of light. Its multi-layer structure exhibits customizable increased…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-15 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , George C. Alexandropoulos , Lu Gan

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging technology that capitalizes on reconfigurable metasurfaces for several applications in wireless communications. SIM is considered an enabler for integrating communication, sensing and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Marco Di Renzo

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM), which consists of multiple layers of intelligent metasurfaces, is emerging as a promising solution for future wireless communication systems. In this timely context, we focus on broadcast…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Nemanja Stefan Perović , Eduard E. Bahingayi , Le-Nam Tran

The stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) emerges as an innovative technology with the ability to directly manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wave signals, drawing parallels to the operational principles of artificial neural networks (ANN).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-26 Xiaolei Yang , Jiayi Zhang , Enyu Shi , Ziheng Liu , Jun Liu , Kang Zheng , Bo Ai

Emerging technologies, such as holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) and stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM), are driving the development of wireless communication systems. Specifically, the SIM is physically constructed by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Xianghao Yao , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Marco Di Renzo , Chau Yuen

Intelligent metasurfaces may be harnessed for realizing efficient holographic multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems, at a low hardware-cost and high energy-efficiency. As part of this family, we propose a hybrid beamforming…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for wave-domain signal processing, enabling fine-grained control over electromagnetic (EM) propagation in next-generation wireless systems. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Hong Niu , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mérouane Debbah , H. Vincent Poor

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently gained significant interest since they enable precoding in the wave domain that comes with increased processing capability and reduced energy consumption. The study of SIMs and high…

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of wireless propagation. Beyond environmental deployments, integrating metasurfaces at the antenna front end allows direct manipulation of the radiated electromagnetic…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Wali Ullah Khan , Sourabh Solanki , George C. Alexandropoulos , Symeon Chatzinotas

This paper investigates a Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM)-assisted Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) system. An extended target model is considered, where the BS aims to estimate the complete target response matrix…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Ziqing Wang , Hongzheng Liu , Jianan Zhang , Rujing Xiong , Kai Wan , Xuewen Qian , Marco Di Renzo , Robert Caiming Qiu

Next-generation wireless networks are expected to utilize the limited radio frequency (RF) resources more efficiently with the aid of intelligent transceivers. To this end, we propose a promising transceiver architecture relying on stacked…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Chao Xu , Hongbin Li , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Marco Di Renzo , Mérouane Debbah , Lajos Hanzo

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a newly-emerged technology that might fundamentally change how wireless networks are operated. Though extensively studied in recent years, the practical limitations of RIS are often neglected when…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-12 Parisa Ramezani , Yasaman Khorsandmanesh , Emil Björnson

Neural networks possess incredible capabilities for extracting abstract features from data. Electromagnetic computing harnesses wave propagation to execute computational operations. Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength meta-atoms, are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mehdi Bennis , Merouane Debbah , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging technology that uses multiple reconfigurable surface layers to enable flexible wave-based beamforming. In this paper, we focus on an \ac{SIM}-assisted multi-user multiple-input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-22 Nipuni Ginige , Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa , Arthur Sousa de Sena , Nurul Huda Mahmood , Nandana Rajatheva , Matti Latva-aho

We investigate a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided multi-user massive multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) system where low-resolution digital-analog converters (DACs) are configured at the base station (BS) in order to reduce…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jianxin Dai , Yuanyuan Wang , Cunhua Pan , Kangda Zhi , Hong Ren , Kezhi Wang

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently gained attention as a paradigm for wave-domain signal processing with reduced reliance on costly radio-frequency (RF) chains. However, conventional SIMs rely on uniform inter-layer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Hong Niu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently emerged as a promising metasurface-based physical-layer paradigm for wireless communications, enabling wave-domain signal processing through multiple cascaded metasurface layers.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Ahmed Magbool , Vaibhav Kumar , Marco Di Renzo , Mark F. Flanagan

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) represent transformative technologies for next-generation wireless communications, offering advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation. While RIS have been extensively studied, Stacked…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-12 Andrea Abrardo , Giulio Bartoli , Alberto Toccafondi