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Decentralized optimization is effective to save communication in large-scale machine learning. Although numerous algorithms have been proposed with theoretical guarantees and empirical successes, the performance limits in decentralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Kun Yuan , Xinmeng Huang , Yiming Chen , Xiaohan Zhang , Yingya Zhang , Pan Pan

Orthogonalized-momentum optimizers such as Muon improve transformer training by approximately whitening/orthogonalizing matrix-valued momentum updates via a short polar-decomposition iteration. However, polar-factor approximations typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ben S. Southworth , Stephen Thomas

We consider the task of decentralized minimization of the sum of smooth strongly convex functions stored across the nodes of a network. For this problem, lower bounds on the number of gradient computations and the number of communication…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-16 Dmitry Kovalev , Adil Salim , Peter Richtárik

Muon has emerged as a promising optimizer for large-scale foundation model pre-training by exploiting the matrix structure of neural network updates through iterative orthogonalization. However, its practical efficiency is limited by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ziyue Liu , Ruijie Zhang , Zhengyang Wang , Yequan Zhao , Yupeng Su , Zi Yang , Zheng Zhang

In this paper, we discuss how to design the graph topology to reduce the communication complexity of certain algorithms for decentralized optimization. Our goal is to minimize the total communication needed to achieve a prescribed accuracy.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-06 Yat-Tin Chow , Wei Shi , Tianyu Wu , Wotao Yin

Scaling neural network training increasingly depends on synchronous data-parallelism, yet full-precision gradient all-reduce imposes a severe communication bottleneck. We propose Decoupled Momentum Optimization (DeMo), a drop-in replacement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Bowen Peng , Lizhang Chen , Baiyu Su , Jeffrey Quesnelle , Diederik P. Kingma , Qiang Liu

Distributed training of large neural networks is bottlenecked by full-precision gradient communication and by coordinatewise optimizers that ignore the matrix structure of weight tensors. We propose Sign-Muon, a 1-bit, matrix-aware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Neel Mishra , Kushagara Trivedi , Pawan Kumar

Gradient orthogonalization is a simple strategy that shows great utility in speeding up gradient descent. The Muon optimizer (Jordan, Jin, et al., 2024) combines gradient orthogonalization with first-order momentum and achieves significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ahmed Khaled , Kaan Ozkara , Tao Yu , Mingyi Hong , Youngsuk Park

In this paper, we study the decentralized optimization problem of minimizing a finite sum of continuously differentiable and possibly nonconvex functions over a fixed-connected undirected network. We propose a unified decentralized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Hao Wu , Liping Wang

The Muon optimizer has recently attracted considerable attention for its strong empirical performance and use of orthogonalized updates on matrix-shaped parameters, yet its underlying mechanisms and relationship to adaptive optimizers such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Xianbiao Qi , Marco Chen , Jiaquan Ye , Yelin He , Rong Xiao

Matrix-structured parameters frequently appear in many artificial intelligence models such as large language models. More recently, an efficient Muon optimizer is designed for matrix parameters of large-scale models, and shows markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Feihu Huang , Yuning Luo , Songcan Chen

Decentralization is a promising method of scaling up parallel machine learning systems. In this paper, we provide a tight lower bound on the iteration complexity for such methods in a stochastic non-convex setting. Our lower bound reveals a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Yucheng Lu , Christopher De Sa

Recently, a new optimization method based on the linear minimization oracle (LMO), called Muon, has been attracting increasing attention since it can train neural networks faster than existing adaptive optimization methods, such as Adam. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuki Takezawa , Anastasia Koloskova , Xiaowen Jiang , Sebastian U. Stich

We consider decentralized optimization problems in which a number of agents collaborate to minimize the average of their local functions by exchanging over an underlying communication graph. Specifically, we place ourselves in an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-20 Yu-Guan Hsieh , Yassine Laguel , Franck Iutzeler , Jérôme Malick

Decentralized optimization over time-varying networks has a wide range of applications in distributed learning, signal processing and various distributed control problems. The agents of the distributed system locally hold optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-14 Alexander Rogozin , Alexander Gasnikov , Aleksander Beznosikov , Dmitry Kovalev

In this paper, the problem of decentralized eigenvalue decomposition of a general symmetric matrix that is important, e.g., in Principal Component Analysis, is studied, and a decentralized online learning algorithm is proposed. Instead of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-14 Yufan Fan , Minh Trinh-Hoang , Cemil Emre Ardic , Marius Pesavento

This paper addresses the problem of synchronizing orthogonal matrices over directed graphs. For synchronized transformations (or matrices), composite transformations over loops equal the identity. We formulate the synchronization problem as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-10 Johan Thunberg , Florian Bernard , Jorge Goncalves

This paper presents a deep learning-based de-homogenization method for structural compliance minimization. By using a convolutional neural network to parameterize the mapping from a set of lamination parameters on a coarse mesh to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Martin O. Elingaard , Niels Aage , J. Andreas Bærentzen , Ole Sigmund

This paper considers the decentralized convex optimization problem, which has a wide range of applications in large-scale machine learning, sensor networks, and control theory. We propose novel algorithms that achieve optimal computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haishan Ye , Luo Luo , Ziang Zhou , Tong Zhang

We consider a decentralized convex unconstrained optimization problem, where the cost function can be decomposed into a sum of strongly convex and smooth functions, associated with individual agents, interacting over a static or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-12 Dmitry Metelev , Aleksandr Beznosikov , Alexander Rogozin , Alexander Gasnikov , Anton Proskurnikov