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Collecting ground-truth rewards or human demonstrations for multi-step reasoning tasks is often prohibitively expensive, particularly in interactive domains such as web tasks. We introduce Self-Taught Lookahead (STL), a reward-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ethan Mendes , Alan Ritter

Formally verifying properties of software code has been a highly desirable task, especially with the emergence of LLM-generated code. In the same vein, they provide an interesting avenue for the exploration of formal verification and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Balaji Rao , William Eiers , Carlo Lipizzi

Large language model (LLM) agents exhibit strong mathematical problem-solving abilities and can even solve International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) level problems with the assistance of formal proof systems. However, due to weak heuristics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Haiteng Zhao , Junhao Shen , Yiming Zhang , Songyang Gao , Kuikun Liu , Tianyou Ma , Fan Zheng , Dahua Lin , Wenwei Zhang , Kai Chen

A key limitation in current datasets for multi-hop reasoning is that the required steps for answering the question are mentioned in it explicitly. In this work, we introduce StrategyQA, a question answering (QA) benchmark where the required…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Mor Geva , Daniel Khashabi , Elad Segal , Tushar Khot , Dan Roth , Jonathan Berant

We present StepFun-Prover Preview, a large language model designed for formal theorem proving through tool-integrated reasoning. Using a reinforcement learning pipeline that incorporates tool-based interactions, StepFun-Prover can achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Shijie Shang , Ruosi Wan , Yue Peng , Yutong Wu , Xiong-hui Chen , Jie Yan , Xiangyu Zhang

This study explores the use of artificial intelligence in grading high-stakes physics exams, emphasizing the application of psychometric methods, particularly Item Response Theory (IRT), to evaluate the reliability of AI-assisted grading.…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-04-09 Gerd Kortemeyer , Julian Nöhl

We present an environment, benchmark, and deep learning driven automated theorem prover for higher-order logic. Higher-order interactive theorem provers enable the formalization of arbitrary mathematical theories and thereby present an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Kshitij Bansal , Sarah M. Loos , Markus N. Rabe , Christian Szegedy , Stewart Wilcox

Grading assessments is time-consuming and prone to human bias. Students may experience delays in receiving feedback that may not be tailored to their expectations or needs. Harnessing AI in education can be effective for grading…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-12-01 Ryan Mok , Faraaz Akhtar , Louis Clare , Christine Li , Jun Ida , Lewis Ross , Mario Campanelli

Algorithmic fairness has been framed as a newly emerging technology that mitigates systemic discrimination in automated decision-making, providing opportunities to improve fairness in information systems (IS). However, based on a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Mateusz Dolata , Stefan Feuerriegel , Gerhard Schwabe

Formalizing mathematical proofs using computerized verification languages like Lean 4 has the potential to significantly impact the field of mathematics, it offers prominent capabilities for advancing mathematical reasoning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Xichen Tang

As artificial intelligence (AI) gains greater adoption in a wide variety of applications, it has immense potential to contribute to mathematical discovery, by guiding conjecture generation, constructing counterexamples, assisting in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Hassen Saidi , Susmit Jha , Tuhin Sahai

Currently, potential threats of artificial intelligence (AI) to human have triggered a large controversy in society, behind which, the nature of the issue is whether the artificial intelligence (AI) system can be evaluated quantitatively.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-04 Feng Liu , Yong Shi

Recently, slow-thinking reasoning systems, such as o1, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex reasoning tasks. These systems typically engage in an extended thinking process before responding to a query, allowing them…

Receiving timely and personalized feedback is essential for second-language learners, especially when human instructors are unavailable. This study explores the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs), including both proprietary and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Changrong Xiao , Wenxing Ma , Qingping Song , Sean Xin Xu , Kunpeng Zhang , Yufang Wang , Qi Fu

Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) are powerful tools for the formal verification of mathematical proofs down to the axiom level. However, their lack of a natural language interface remains a significant limitation. Recent advancements in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiaolin Hu , Qinghua Zhou , Bogdan Grechuk , Ivan Y. Tyukin

The demand for synthetic data in mathematical reasoning has increased due to its potential to enhance the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, ensuring the validity of intermediate reasoning steps remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Giwon Hong , Wenda Li , Shay B. Cohen

Given the ubiquitous nature of numbers in text, reasoning with numbers to perform simple calculations is an important skill of AI systems. While many datasets and models have been developed to this end, state-of-the-art AI systems are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Swaroop Mishra , Arindam Mitra , Neeraj Varshney , Bhavdeep Sachdeva , Peter Clark , Chitta Baral , Ashwin Kalyan

Evidence plays a crucial role in automated fact-checking. When verifying real-world claims, existing fact-checking systems either assume the evidence sentences are given or use the search snippets returned by the search engine. Such methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Xuming Hu , Junzhe Chen , Zhijiang Guo , Philip S. Yu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have expanded the mathematical reasoning frontier through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques and Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), capable of solving AIME-level problems. However, the…

This report describes three particular technological advances in formal proofs. The HOL Light proof assistant will be used to illustrate the design of a highly reliable system. Today, proof assistants can verify large bodies of advanced…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-08-28 Thomas C. Hales
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