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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in language processing, yet they often struggle with tasks requiring genuine visual spatial reasoning. In this paper, we introduce a novel two-stage training framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Alan Dao , Dinh Bach Vu

Effective training of language models (LMs) for mathematical reasoning tasks demands high-quality supervised fine-tuning data. Besides obtaining annotations from human experts, a common alternative is sampling from larger and more powerful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Tianduo Wang , Shichen Li , Wei Lu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an indispensable paradigm for enhancing reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, standard policy optimization methods, such as Group Relative Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Pengyi Li , Elizaveta Goncharova , Andrey Kuznetsov , Ivan Oseledets

Visual-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated strong cross-scenario generalization capabilities in various robotic tasks through large-scale pre-training and task-specific fine-tuning. However, their training paradigm mainly relies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zengjue Chen , Runliang Niu , He Kong , Qi Wang , Qianli Xing , Zipei Fan

Recent alignment work on Large Language Models (LLMs) suggests preference optimization can improve reasoning by shifting probability mass toward better solutions. We test this claim in a resource-constrained setting by applying GRPO with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Suraj Yadav , Siddharth Yadav , Parth Goyal

Large-scale reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated its effectiveness in harnessing the potential of large language models (LLMs) for single-turn reasoning tasks. In realistic reasoning scenarios, LLMs can…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that reasoning ability can be significantly enhanced through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the de…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jingyu Zhou , Lu Ma , Hao Liang , Chengyu Shen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

A visual-language model (VLM) pre-trained on natural images and text pairs poses a significant barrier when applied to medical contexts due to domain shift. Yet, adapting or fine-tuning these VLMs for medical use presents considerable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Aisha Urooj Khan , John Garrett , Tyler Bradshaw , Lonie Salkowski , Jiwoong Jason Jeong , Amara Tariq , Imon Banerjee

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a cornerstone for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs), with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) serving as the de facto standard algorithm. Despite its ubiquity, we argue that the core ratio…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Penghui Qi , Xiangxin Zhou , Zichen Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Min Lin , Wee Sun Lee

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values and safety constraints is challenging, especially when objectives like helpfulness, truthfulness, and avoidance of harm conflict. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Xuying Li , Zhuo Li , Yuji Kosuga , Victor Bian

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, recent studies question whether RL genuinely expands reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Dayu Wang , Jiaye Yang , Weikang Li , Jiahui Liang , Yang Li

Increasing attention has been placed on improving the reasoning capacities of multi-modal large language models (MLLMs). As the cornerstone for AI agents that function in the physical realm, video-based visual-spatial intelligence (VSI)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zhenyi Liao , Qingsong Xie , Yanhao Zhang , Zijian Kong , Haonan Lu , Zhenyu Yang , Zhijie Deng

Process reward models (PRMs) allow for fine-grained credit assignment in reinforcement learning (RL), and seemingly contrast with outcome reward models (ORMs), which assign a single reward to an entire trajectory. However, we provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Michael Sullivan , Alexander Koller

Clinical decision-making routinely demands reasoning over heterogeneous data, yet existing multimodal language models (MLLMs) remain largely vision-centric and fail to generalize across clinical specialties. To bridge this gap, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Wei Dai , Peilin Chen , Chanakya Ekbote , Paul Pu Liang

Vision-and-Language Pre-training (VLP) improves model performance for downstream tasks that require image and text inputs. Current VLP approaches differ on (i) model architecture (especially image embedders), (ii) loss functions, and (iii)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Tarik Arici , Mehmet Saygin Seyfioglu , Tal Neiman , Yi Xu , Son Train , Trishul Chilimbi , Belinda Zeng , Ismail Tutar

The effective training of Large Language Models (LLMs) for function calling faces a critical challenge: balancing exploration of complex reasoning paths with stable policy optimization. Standard methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)…

General-purpose large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities in generating detailed descriptions for natural images. However, their performance in the medical domain remains suboptimal, even for relatively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Yifan Li , Fenghe Tang , Yingtai Li , Shaohua Kevin Zhou

MLLM reasoning has drawn widespread research for its excellent problem-solving capability. Current reasoning methods fall into two types: PRM, which supervises the intermediate reasoning steps, and ORM, which supervises the final results.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Qihan Huang , Weilong Dai , Jinlong Liu , Wanggui He , Hao Jiang , Mingli Song , Jingyuan Chen , Chang Yao , Jie Song

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for reasoning in language models, with GRPO as its primary example. However, GRPO requires continuous online rollout generation, making it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Richa Verma , Balaraman Ravindran

In this paper, we introduce a Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO)-based method for training Speech-Aware Large Language Models (SALLMs) on open-format speech understanding tasks, such as Spoken Question Answering and Automatic Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Avishai Elmakies , Hagai Aronowitz , Nimrod Shabtay , Eli Schwartz , Ron Hoory , Avihu Dekel