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Related papers: Eliciting Secret Knowledge from Language Models

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We introduce a cryptographic method to hide an arbitrary secret payload in the response of a Large Language Model (LLM). A secret key is required to extract the payload from the model's response, and without the key it is provably…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Or Zamir

Monolithic Large Language Models (LLMs) used in educational dialogue often behave as "black boxes," where pedagogical decisions are implicit and difficult to audit, frequently violating instructional constraints by providing answers too…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Nizam Kadir

This paper investigates the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of understanding their knowledge and uncertainty over questions. Specifically, we focus on addressing known-unknown questions, characterized by high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Alfonso Amayuelas , Kyle Wong , Liangming Pan , Wenhu Chen , William Wang

Verbal confidence -- prompting LLMs to state their confidence as a number or category -- is widely used to extract uncertainty estimates from black-box models. However, how LLMs internally generate such scores remains unknown. We address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Dharshan Kumaran , Arthur Conmy , Federico Barbero , Simon Osindero , Viorica Patraucean , Petar Veličković

This paper investigates the potential of AI models, particularly large language models (LLMs), to support knowledge exploration and augment human creativity during ideation. We present "Latent Lab" an interactive tool for discovering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Kevin Dunnell , Trudy Painter , Andrew Stoddard , Andy Lippman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have in recent years demonstrated impressive prowess in natural language generation. A common practice to improve generation diversity is to sample multiple outputs from the model. However, there lacks a simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Xingdi Yuan , Tong Wang , Yen-Hsiang Wang , Emery Fine , Rania Abdelghani , Pauline Lucas , Hélène Sauzéon , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Masked language modeling (MLM) plays a key role in pretraining large language models. But the MLM objective is often dominated by high-frequency words that are sub-optimal for learning factual knowledge. In this work, we propose an approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Nafis Sadeq , Byungkyu Kang , Prarit Lamba , Julian McAuley

Large language models (LLMs) can perform a wide range of tasks by following natural language instructions, without the necessity of task-specific fine-tuning. Unfortunately, the performance of LLMs is greatly influenced by the quality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Zhihan Zhang , Shuohang Wang , Wenhao Yu , Yichong Xu , Dan Iter , Qingkai Zeng , Yang Liu , Chenguang Zhu , Meng Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often used as automated judges to evaluate text, but their effectiveness can be hindered by various unintentional biases. We propose using linear classifying probes, trained by leveraging differences between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sharan Maiya , Yinhong Liu , Ramit Debnath , Anna Korhonen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong generalization across a wide range of tasks. Reasoning with LLMs is central to solving multi-step problems and complex decision-making. To support efficient reasoning, recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jindong Li , Yali Fu , Li Fan , Jiahong Liu , Yao Shu , Chengwei Qin , Menglin Yang , Irwin King , Rex Ying

The development of large language models (LLMs) has successfully transformed knowledge-based systems such as open domain question nswering, which can automatically produce vast amounts of seemingly coherent information. Yet, those models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán , Cristina Puente

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar

Unlearning has emerged as a critical capability for large language models (LLMs) to support data privacy, regulatory compliance, and ethical AI deployment. Recent techniques often rely on obfuscation by injecting incorrect or irrelevant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Guangzhi Sun , Potsawee Manakul , Xiao Zhan , Mark Gales

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) like BERT have made significant progress in various downstream NLP tasks. However, by asking models to do cloze-style tests, recent work finds that PLMs are short in acquiring knowledge from unstructured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Cunxiang Wang , Fuli Luo , Yanyang Li , Runxin Xu , Fei Huang , Yue Zhang

Alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values and preferences, often achieved through fine-tuning based on human feedback, is essential for ensuring safe and responsible AI behaviors. However, the process typically requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Runjin Chen , Gabriel Jacob Perin , Xuxi Chen , Xilun Chen , Yan Han , Nina S. T. Hirata , Junyuan Hong , Bhavya Kailkhura

The advancements of Large Language Models (LLMs) have decentralized the responsibility for the transparency of AI usage. Specifically, LLM users are now encouraged or required to disclose the use of LLM-generated content for varied types of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Zhiping Zhang , Chenxinran Shen , Bingsheng Yao , Dakuo Wang , Tianshi Li

With the advance of large language models (LLMs), the research field of LLM applications becomes more and more popular and the idea of constructing pipelines to accomplish complex tasks by stacking LLM API calls come true. However, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Hao Sun , Xiao Liu , Yeyun Gong , Yan Zhang , Daxin Jiang , Linjun Yang , Nan Duan

Language models (LMs) are sentence-completion engines trained on massive corpora. LMs have emerged as a significant breakthrough in natural-language processing, providing capabilities that go far beyond sentence completion including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Robert E. Wray , III , James R. Kirk , John E. Laird

While communication strategies of Large Language Models (LLMs) are crucial for human-LLM interactions, they can also be weaponized to elicit private information, yet such stealthy attacks remain under-explored. This paper introduces the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shuning Zhang , Jiaqi Bai , Linzhi Wang , Shixuan Li , Xin Yi , Hewu Li

Despite the strong capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to acquire knowledge from their training corpora, the memorization of sensitive information in the corpora such as copyrighted, biased, and private content has led to ethical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 James Y. Huang , Wenxuan Zhou , Fei Wang , Fred Morstatter , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen