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Large language model (LLM) agents are fundamentally bottlenecked by finite context windows on long-horizon tasks. As trajectories grow, retaining tool outputs and intermediate reasoning in-context quickly becomes infeasible: the working…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Zhenting Wang , Huancheng Chen , Jiayun Wang , Wei Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have triggered a new stream of research focusing on compressing the context length to reduce the computational cost while ensuring the retention of helpful information for LLMs to answer the given question.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Barys Liskavets , Maxim Ushakov , Shuvendu Roy , Mark Klibanov , Ali Etemad , Shane Luke

Agentic systems operating over large tool ecosystems must plan and execute long-horizon workflows under weak or non-verifiable supervision. While frontier models mitigate these challenges through scale and large context budgets, small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Karan Gupta , Pranav Vajreshwari , Yash Pandya , Raghav Magazine , Akshay Nambi , Ahmed Awadallah

Through reading the documentation in the context, tool-using language models can dynamically extend their capability using external tools. The cost is that we have to input lengthy documentation every time the model needs to use the tool,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Yang Xu , Yunlong Feng , Honglin Mu , Yutai Hou , Yitong Li , Xinghao Wang , Wanjun Zhong , Zhongyang Li , Dandan Tu , Qingfu Zhu , Min Zhang , Wanxiang Che

Standard LLM-based speech recognition systems typically process utterances in isolation, limiting their ability to leverage conversational context. In this work, we study whether multimodal context from prior turns improves LLM-based ASR…

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from significant performance degradation when processing long contexts due to proactive interference, where irrelevant information in earlier parts of the context disrupts reasoning and memory recall.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Mo Li , L. H. Xu , Qitai Tan , Long Ma , Ting Cao , Yunxin Liu

Long-context modeling is one of the critical capabilities of language AI for digesting and reasoning over complex information pieces. In practice, long-context capabilities are typically built into a pre-trained language model~(LM) through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Luyu Gao , Yunyi Zhang , Jamie Callan

Large language models (LLMs) excel in general tasks but struggle with domain-specific ones, requiring fine-tuning with specific data. With many open-source LLMs available, selecting the best model for fine-tuning downstream tasks is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wei Huang , Huang Wei , Yinggui Wang

Context compression is an advanced technique that accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by converting long inputs into compact representations. Existing methods primarily rely on autoencoding tasks to train special compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Xin Liu , Runsong Zhao , Pengcheng Huang , Xinyu Liu , Junyi Xiao , Chunyang Xiao , Tong Xiao , Shengxiang Gao , Zhengtao Yu , Jingbo Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) showcase remarkable abilities, yet they struggle with limitations such as hallucinations, outdated knowledge, opacity, and inexplicable reasoning. To address these challenges, Retrieval-Augmented Generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Sourav Verma

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities in various scenarios. However, they suffer from much redundant information and are sensitive to the position of key information in long context scenarios. To address these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jiwei Tang , Jin Xu , Tingwei Lu , Zhicheng Zhang , Yiming Zhao , Lin Hai , Hai-Tao Zheng

Autoregressive Transformers adopted in Large Language Models (LLMs) are hard to scale to long sequences. Despite several works trying to reduce their computational cost, most of LLMs still adopt attention layers between all pairs of tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Sotiris Anagnostidis , Dario Pavllo , Luca Biggio , Lorenzo Noci , Aurelien Lucchi , Thomas Hofmann

We propose the In-context Autoencoder (ICAE), leveraging the power of a large language model (LLM) to compress a long context into short compact memory slots that can be directly conditioned on by the LLM for various purposes. ICAE is first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Tao Ge , Jing Hu , Lei Wang , Xun Wang , Si-Qing Chen , Furu Wei

Transformers suffer from a high computational cost that grows with sequence length for self-attention, making inference in long streams prohibited by memory consumption. Constant-memory alternatives such as RNNs and SSMs compress history…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhixin Zhang , Shabo Zhang , Chengcan Wu , Zeming Wei , Meng Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized many areas of artificial intelligence (AI), but their substantial resource requirements limit their deployment on mobile and edge devices. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Lakshit Arora , Dipen Pradhan , Aman Raj , Ankit Shetgaonkar

Retrieving documents and prepending them in-context at inference time improves performance of language model (LMs) on a wide range of tasks. However, these documents, often spanning hundreds of words, make inference substantially more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Fangyuan Xu , Weijia Shi , Eunsol Choi

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer have been widely applied in the filed of natural language processing (NLP), demonstrating strong performance, particularly in handling short text tasks. However, when it comes to long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yijun Liu , Jinzheng Yu , Yang Xu , Zhongyang Li , Qingfu Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, in long-context scenarios, they face two challenges: high computational cost and information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiwei Tang , Zhicheng Zhang , Shunlong Wu , Jingheng Ye , Lichen Bai , Zitai Wang , Tingwei Lu , Lin Hai , Yiming Zhao , Hai-Tao Zheng , Hong-Gee Kim

Processing long contexts remains a challenge for large language models (LLMs) due to the quadratic computational and memory overhead of the self-attention mechanism and the substantial KV cache sizes during generation. We propose LLoCO, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Sijun Tan , Xiuyu Li , Shishir Patil , Ziyang Wu , Tianjun Zhang , Kurt Keutzer , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Raluca Ada Popa

Long-context Large Language Models, despite their expanded capacity, require careful working memory management to mitigate attention dilution during long-horizon tasks. Yet existing approaches rely on external mechanisms that lack awareness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuxiang Zhang , Jiangming Shu , Ye Ma , Xueyuan Lin , Shangxi Wu , Jitao Sang