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Large language models (LLMs) face inherent performance bottlenecks under parameter constraints, particularly in processing critical tokens that demand complex reasoning. Empirical analysis reveals challenging tokens induce abrupt gradient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yilong Chen , Junyuan Shang , Zhenyu Zhang , Yanxi Xie , Jiawei Sheng , Tingwen Liu , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Recent advancements in large reasoning models (LRMs) have demonstrated the effectiveness of scaling test-time computation to enhance reasoning capabilities on various tasks. However, LRMs often suffer from an ``overthinking'' problem, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yule Liu , Jingyi Zheng , Zhen Sun , Zifan Peng , Wenhan Dong , Zeyang Sha , Shiwen Cui , Weiqiang Wang , Xinlei He

Reasoning large language models achieve impressive test-time scaling by thinking for longer, but this performance gain comes at significant compute cost. Directly limiting test-time budget hurts overall performance, but not all problems are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Menghua Wu , Cai Zhou , Stephen Bates , Tommi Jaakkola

Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models can be dynamically optimized using Test-Time Scaling (TTS) to mitigate Overthinking. Methods such as Coconut, SoftCoT and its variant are effective in continuous latent space inference, the core…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Jiaqi Wang , Binquan Ji , Haibo Luo , Yiyang Qi , Ruiting Li , Huiyan Wang , Yuantao Han , Cangyi Yang , jiaxu Zhang , Feiliang Ren

We study how to scale reasoning token budgets for competitive programming through two complementary approaches: training-time reinforcement learning (RL) and test-time parallel thinking. During RL training, we observe an approximately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Qianfan Zhang , Tianyu Guo , Xuandi Ren , Jiale Chen , Ming Ding , Ran Xin , Xia Xiao

The success of large language models (LLMs) across diverse NLP tasks has elevated the importance of reasoning chain optimization as a critical step in aligning model behavior with task objectives. Existing reasoning chain tuning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu , Ying Nian Wu

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements, with the test-time scaling law consistently enhancing the reasoning capabilities. Through systematic evaluation and exploration of a diverse spectrum of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenyang Shao , Sijian Ren , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Transformers evaluated in a single, fixed-depth pass are provably limited in expressive power to the constant-depth circuit class TC0. Running a Transformer autoregressively removes that ceiling -- first in next-token prediction and, more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Mrinal Mathur , Mike Doan , Barak Pearlmutter , Sergey Plis

Reasoning goes beyond language; the real world requires reasoning about space, time, affordances, and much more that words alone cannot convey. Existing multimodal models exploring the potential of reasoning with images are brittle and do…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Arijit Ray , Ahmed Abdelkader , Chengzhi Mao , Bryan A. Plummer , Kate Saenko , Ranjay Krishna , Leonidas Guibas , Wen-Sheng Chu

Reasoning models improve their problem-solving ability through inference-time scaling, allocating more compute via longer token budgets. Identifying which reasoning traces are likely to succeed remains a key opportunity: reliably predicting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Martina G. Vilas , Safoora Yousefi , Besmira Nushi , Eric Horvitz , Vidhisha Balachandran

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (LLMs) explicitly generate intermediate reasoning steps prior to generating final answers, helping the model excel in complex problem-solving. In this paper, we demonstrate that this emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tong Wu , Chong Xiang , Jiachen T. Wang , G. Edward Suh , Prateek Mittal

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) refers to approaches that improve reasoning performance by allocating extra computation during inference, without altering the model's parameters. While existing TTS methods operate in a discrete token space by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yige Xu , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Chunyan Miao

Latent reasoning represents a new development in Transformer language models that has shown potential in compressing reasoning lengths compared to chain-of-thought reasoning. By directly passing the information-rich previous final latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Alex Ning , Yen-Ling Kuo , Gabe Gomes

Studying mental models has recently received more attention, aiming to understand the cognitive aspects of human-computer interaction. However, there is not enough research on the elicitation of mental models in complex dynamic systems. We…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Omid Mohaddesi , Noah Chicoine , Min Gong , Ozlem Ergun , Jacqueline Griffin , David Kaeli , Stacy Marsella , Casper Harteveld

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the power of reasoning through self-generated chains of thought. Multiple reasoning agents can collaborate to raise joint reasoning quality above individual outcomes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Chan-Jan Hsu , Davide Buffelli , Jamie McGowan , Feng-Ting Liao , Yi-Chang Chen , Sattar Vakili , Da-shan Shiu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in complex reasoning tasks, but their efficiency is hindered by the substantial memory and computational costs associated with generating lengthy tokens. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jintian Zhang , Yuqi Zhu , Mengshu Sun , Yujie Luo , Shuofei Qiao , Lun Du , Da Zheng , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

The new paradigm of test-time scaling has yielded remarkable breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) (e.g. reasoning models) and in generative vision models, allowing models to allocate additional computation during inference to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Luca Eyring , Shyamgopal Karthik , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Nataniel Ruiz , Zeynep Akata

Recent advancements have demonstrated that the performance of large language models (LLMs) can be significantly enhanced by scaling computational resources at test time. A common strategy involves generating multiple Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Daniele Paliotta , Junxiong Wang , Matteo Pagliardini , Kevin Y. Li , Aviv Bick , J. Zico Kolter , Albert Gu , François Fleuret , Tri Dao

Large language models (LLMs) excel across many tasks, yet inference is still dominated by strictly token-by-token autoregression. Existing acceleration methods largely patch this pipeline and miss core human-reading ingredients:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Tongxi Wang

Parallel thinking has emerged as a promising paradigm for reasoning, yet it imposes significant computational burdens. Existing efficiency methods primarily rely on local, per-trajectory signals and lack principled mechanisms to exploit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Tong Zheng , Chengsong Huang , Runpeng Dai , Yun He , Rui Liu , Xin Ni , Huiwen Bao , Kaishen Wang , Hongtu Zhu , Jiaxin Huang , Furong Huang , Heng Huang