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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired models that enable energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, the supervised training of SNNs remains a hard problem due to the discontinuity of the spiking neuron…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Recent advances in event-based neuromorphic systems have resulted in significant interest in the use and development of spiking neural networks (SNNs). However, the non-differentiable nature of spiking neurons makes SNNs incompatible with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Ali Lotfi Rezaabad , Sriram Vishwanath

Agent-based Transformers have been widely adopted in recent reinforcement learning advances due to their demonstrated ability to solve complex tasks. However, the high computational complexity of Transformers often results in significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Irfan Uddin , Nishad Tasnim , Md Omor Faruk , Zejian Zhou

By integrating the self-attention capability and the biological properties of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), Spikformer applies the flourishing Transformer architecture to SNNs design. It introduces a Spiking Self-Attention (SSA) module to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Qingyu Wang , Duzhen Zhang , Tielin Zhang , Bo Xu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit temporal, sparse, and event-driven dynamics that make them appealing for efficient inference. However, extending these models to self-supervised regimes remains challenging because the discontinuities…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengwei Zhou , Gourav Datta

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer an energy-efficient alternative to conventional deep learning by emulating the event-driven processing manner of the brain. Incorporating Transformers with SNNs has shown promise for accuracy. However,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Yuetong Fang , Ziqing Wang , Lingfeng Zhang , Jiahang Cao , Honglei Chen , Renjing Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient deep learning option due to their unique spike-based event-driven (i.e., spike-driven) paradigm. In this paper, we incorporate the spike-driven paradigm into Transformer by the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Man Yao , Jiakui Hu , Zhaokun Zhou , Li Yuan , Yonghong Tian , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are powerful models of spatiotemporal computation and are well suited for deployment on resource-constrained edge devices and neuromorphic hardware due to their low power consumption. Leveraging attention…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Boxun Xu , Junyoung Hwang , Pruek Vanna-iampikul , Sung Kyu Lim , Peng Li

Mainstream Transformer-based large language models face major efficiency bottlenecks: training computation scales quadratically with sequence length, and inference memory grows linearly, limiting long-context processing. Building large…

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising pathway to implement deep neural networks (DNNs) in a more energy-efficient manner since their neurons are sparsely activated and inferences are event-driven. However, there have been very…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Changze Lv , Jianhan Xu , Xiaoqing Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) present significant challenges for deployment in energy-constrained environments due to their large model sizes and high inference latency. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by the sparse event-driven…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yi Jiang , Malyaban Bal , Brian Matejek , Susmit Jha , Adam Cobb , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking neural network (SNN), as a brain-inspired energy-efficient neural network, has attracted the interest of researchers. While the training of spiking neural networks is still an open problem. One effective way is to map the weight of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Yang Li , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are one of the most promising bio-inspired neural networks models and have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The event-driven communication mechanism of SNNs allows for sparse and theoretically…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Andrea Castagnetti , Alain Pegatoquet , Benoît Miramond

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a popular spatio-temporal computing paradigm for complex vision tasks. Recently proposed SNN training algorithms have significantly reduced the number of time steps (down to 1) for improved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Gourav Datta , Zeyu Liu , Anni Li , Peter A. Beerel

Recent strides in low-latency spiking neural network (SNN) algorithms have drawn significant interest, particularly due to their event-driven computing nature and fast inference capability. One of the most efficient ways to construct a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Chen Li , Bipin Rajendran

Reinforcement learning agents based on Transformer architectures have achieved impressive performance on sequential decision-making tasks, but their reliance on dense matrix operations makes them ill-suited for energy-constrained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Vishal Pandey , Debasmita Biswas

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently emerged as a prominent neural computing paradigm. However, the typical shallow SNN architectures have limited capacity for expressing complex representations while training deep SNNs using input…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Chankyu Lee , Syed Shakib Sarwar , Priyadarshini Panda , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Kaushik Roy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been proposed as biologically plausible and energy-efficient alternatives to conventional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, the training of SNN usually relies on surrogate gradients due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Himanshu Udupi , Xiaocong Yang , ChengXiang Zhai

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are well known as a promising energy-efficient alternative to conventional artificial neural networks. Subject to the preconceived impression that SNNs are sparse firing, the analysis and optimization of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Man Yao , Jiakui Hu , Guangshe Zhao , Yaoyuan Wang , Ziyang Zhang , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), particularly Spiking Transformers, offer energy-efficient processing of event-based sensor data for healthcare applications. Yet current architectures are rigid: they are trained and deployed as static…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Alberto Ancilotto , Gianluca Amprimo , Stefano Di Carlo , Elisabetta Farella