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In recent years, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress on a wide range of multimodal benchmarks. Despite these advances, most existing benchmarks mainly focus on single-image or multi-image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Bingli Wang , Huanze Tang , Haijun Lv , Zhishan Lin , Lixin Gu , Lei Feng , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen

Comprehensive evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has recently garnered widespread attention in the research community. However, we observe that existing benchmarks present several common barriers that make it difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yi-Fan Zhang , Huanyu Zhang , Haochen Tian , Chaoyou Fu , Shuangqing Zhang , Junfei Wu , Feng Li , Kun Wang , Qingsong Wen , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Rong Jin , Tieniu Tan

The ability to compare objects, scenes, or situations is crucial for effective decision-making and problem-solving in everyday life. For instance, comparing the freshness of apples enables better choices during grocery shopping while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jihyung Kil , Zheda Mai , Justin Lee , Zihe Wang , Kerrie Cheng , Lemeng Wang , Ye Liu , Arpita Chowdhury , Wei-Lun Chao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have broadened the scope of AI applications. Existing automatic evaluation methodologies for MLLMs are mainly limited in evaluating queries without considering user experiences, inadequately…

This paper explores the effectiveness of Multimodal Large Language models (MLLMs) as assistive technologies for visually impaired individuals. We conduct a user survey to identify adoption patterns and key challenges users face with such…

Astronomical image interpretation presents a significant challenge for applying multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to specialized scientific tasks. Existing benchmarks focus on general multimodal capabilities but fail to capture the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-22 Jinghang Shi , Xiaoyu Tang , Yang Huang , Yuyang Li , Xiao Kong , Yanxia Zhang , Caizhan Yue

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly used to interpret visualizations, yet little is known about why they fail. We present the first systematic analysis of barriers to visualization literacy in MLLMs. Using the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mengli , Duan , Yuhe , Jiang , Matthew Varona , Carolina Nobre

The popularity of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has triggered a recent surge in research efforts dedicated to evaluating these models. Nevertheless, existing evaluation studies of MLLMs primarily focus on the comprehension and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xiaocui Yang , Wenfang Wu , Shi Feng , Ming Wang , Daling Wang , Yang Li , Qi Sun , Yifei Zhang , Xiaoming Fu , Soujanya Poria

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shuo Cao , Jiayang Li , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Kaiwen Zhu , Yuanting Gao , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Qi Qin , Yu Zhou , Xiangyu Chen , Wenlong Zhang , Bin Fu , Yu Qiao , Yihao Liu

Existing vision-language understanding benchmarks largely consist of images of objects in their usual contexts. As a consequence, recent multimodal large language models can perform well with only a shallow visual understanding by relying…

In real-world scenarios, providing user queries with visually enhanced responses can considerably benefit understanding and memory, underscoring the great value of interleaved image-text generation. Despite recent progress, like the visual…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Rongyang Zhang , Yuqing Huang , Chengqiang Lu , Qimeng Wang , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Yin Xu , Wei Wang , Hao Wang , Enhong Chen

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLM) have made significant progress in the field of document analysis. Despite this, existing benchmarks typically focus only on extracting text and simple layout information, neglecting the complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Lei Chen , Feng Yan , Yujie Zhong , Shaoxiang Chen , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma

Lately, researchers in artificial intelligence have been really interested in how language and vision come together, giving rise to the development of multimodal models that aim to seamlessly integrate textual and visual information.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Rajat Chawla , Arkajit Datta , Tushar Verma , Adarsh Jha , Anmol Gautam , Ayush Vatsal , Sukrit Chaterjee , Mukunda NS , Ishaan Bhola

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in cross-modal understanding across textual and visual inputs, yet existing benchmarks predominantly focus on pure-text queries. In real-world scenarios, language also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Qing'an Liu , Juntong Feng , Yuhao Wang , Xinzhe Han , Yujie Cheng , Yue Zhu , Haiwen Diao , Yunzhi Zhuge , Huchuan Lu

Recent breakthroughs in large multimodal models (LMMs), such as the impressive GPT-4o-Native, have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in following general-purpose instructions for image generation. However, current benchmarks often lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jiayu Wang , Yang Jiao , Yue Yu , Tianwen Qian , Shaoxiang Chen , Jingjing Chen , Yu-Gang Jiang

In the evolving landscape of multimodal language models, understanding the nuanced meanings conveyed through visual cues - such as satire, insult, or critique - remains a significant challenge. Existing evaluation benchmarks primarily focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Xiaofei Yin , Yijie Hong , Ya Guo , Yi Tu , Weiqiang Wang , Gongshen Liu , Huijia zhu

Despite recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs), their ability to understand and interact with music remains limited. Music understanding requires grounded reasoning over symbolic scores and expressive performance audio,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Qihao Zhao , Yunqi Cao , Yangyu Huang , Hui Yi Leong , Fan Zhang , Kim-Hui Yap , Wei Hu

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLM) have shown a strong ability in visual perception, reasoning abilities, and vision-language understanding. However, the visual matching ability of MLLMs is rarely studied,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Yikang Zhou , Tao Zhang , Shilin Xu , Shihao Chen , Qianyu Zhou , Yunhai Tong , Shunping Ji , Jiangning Zhang , Lu Qi , Xiangtai Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable proficiency on general-purpose vision-language benchmarks, reaching or even exceeding human-level performance. However, these evaluations typically rely on standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wenjin Hou , Wei Liu , Han Hu , Xiaoxiao Sun , Serena Yeung-Levy , Hehe Fan

Interleaved text-and-image generation represents a significant frontier for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), offering a more intuitive way to convey complex information. Current paradigms rely on either image generation or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yinuo Liu , Zi Qian , Heng Zhou , Jiahao Zhang , Yajie Zhang , Zhihang Li , Mengyu Zhou , Erchao Zhao , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang