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The development of autonomous agents for complex, long-horizon tasks is a central goal in AI. However, dominant training paradigms face a critical limitation: reinforcement learning (RL) methods that optimize solely for final task success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Zijing Zhang , Ziyang Chen , Mingxiao Li , Zhaopeng Tu , Xiaolong Li

A significant challenge facing researchers in the area of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) pertains to the identification of a library that can offer fast and compatible development for multi-agent tasks and algorithm combinations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Siyi Hu , Yifan Zhong , Minquan Gao , Weixun Wang , Hao Dong , Xiaodan Liang , Zhihui Li , Xiaojun Chang , Yaodong Yang

Reward-guided search methods have demonstrated strong potential in enhancing tool-using agents by effectively guiding sampling and exploration over complex action spaces. As a core design, those search methods utilize process reward models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Dawei Li , Yuguang Yao , Zhen Tan , Huan Liu , Ruocheng Guo

Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated their promising general capabilities. However, their performance in specialized real-world domains often degrades due to challenges in effectively integrating external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yuzheng Cai , Siqi Cai , Yuchen Shi , Zihan Xu , Lichao Chen , Yulei Qin , Xiaoyu Tan , Gang Li , Zongyi Li , Haojia Lin , Yong Mao , Ke Li , Xing Sun

Large Language Model (LLM) agents significantly extend the capabilities of standalone LLMs, empowering them to interact with external tools (e.g., APIs, functions) and complete various tasks in a self-directed fashion. The challenge of tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Weizhou Shen , Chenliang Li , Hongzhan Chen , Ming Yan , Xiaojun Quan , Hehong Chen , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang

Agents utilizing tools powered by large language models (LLMs) or vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in diverse tasks across text and visual modalities. Unlike traditional tools such as calculators, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yunzhong Xiao , Yangmin Li , Hewei Wang , Yunlong Tang , Zora Zhiruo Wang

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have emerged as a promising paradigm for robotic manipulation by leveraging pre-trained vision-language representations. However, current VLA training methods suffer from two critical limitations: poor…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Ruofan Jin , Zaixi Zhang

Recent advances in multi-agent systems highlight the potential of specialized small agents that collaborate via division of labor. Existing tool-integrated reasoning systems, however, often follow a single-agent paradigm in which one large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Dayu Wang , Jiaye Yang , Weikang Li , Jiahui Liang , Yang Li

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents often struggle in real-world applications where environmental conditions are non-stationary, particularly when reward functions shift or the available action space expands. This paper introduces MORPHIN, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Raul de la Rosa , Ivana Dusparic , Nicolas Cardozo

AI agents are autonomous systems that combine LLMs with external tools to solve complex tasks. While such tools extend capability, improper tool permissions introduce security risks such as indirect prompt injection and tool misuse. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Roy Betser , Shamik Bose , Amit Giloni , Chiara Picardi , Sindhu Padakandla , Roman Vainshtein

The development of artificial intelligence systems is transitioning from creating static, task-specific models to dynamic, agent-based systems capable of performing well in a wide range of applications. We propose an Interactive Agent…

Recently, the emergence of agentic RL has showcased that RL could also effectively improve the agentic reasoning ability of LLMs, yet the key design principles and optimal practices remain unclear. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhaochen Yu , Ling Yang , Jiaru Zou , Shuicheng Yan , Mengdi Wang

Large language models are increasingly being deployed as autonomous agents yet their real world effectiveness depends on reliable tools for information retrieval, computation and external action. Existing studies remain fragmented across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jinchao Hu , Meizhi Zhong , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Min Zhang

It is well known that it is difficult to have a reliable and robust framework to link multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithms with practical multi-robot applications. To fill this gap, we propose and build an open-source…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Junfeng Chen , Fuqin Deng , Yuan Gao , Junjie Hu , Xiyue Guo , Guanqi Liang , Tin Lun Lam

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Evan Zheran Liu , Kelvin Guu , Panupong Pasupat , Tianlin Shi , Percy Liang

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of LLM-based agents, which shed light on using language agents to solve complex real-world problems. A prominent application lies in business agents, which interact with databases and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yilong Lai , Yipin Yang , Jialong Wu , Fengran Mo , Zhenglin Wang , Ting Liang , Jianguo Lin , Keping Yang

We introduce a new software toolbox for agent-based simulation. Facilitating rapid prototyping by offering a user-friendly Python API, its core rests on an efficient C++ implementation to support simulation of large-scale multi-agent…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-22 Peter Belcak , Jan-Peter Calliess , Stefan Zohren

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled understanding webpage contexts, product details, and human instructions. Utilizing LLMs as the foundational architecture for either reward models or policies in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Shuang Feng , Grace Feng

Verifiers have been demonstrated to enhance LLM reasoning via test-time scaling (TTS). Yet, they face significant challenges in complex domains. Error propagation from incorrect intermediate reasoning can lead to false positives for…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents represent a promising shift in human-AI interaction, moving beyond passive prompt-response systems to autonomous agents capable of reasoning, planning, and goal-directed action. While LLM agents are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Weiwen Liu , Jiarui Qin , Xu Huang , Xingshan Zeng , Yunjia Xi , Jianghao Lin , Chuhan Wu , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Ruiming Tang , Defu Lian , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang
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