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In drug discovery, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for protein-ligand binding provides a powerful tool for predicting binding affinities, estimating transport properties, and exploring pocket sites. There has been a long history of…

Molecular dynamics is a powerful simulation tool to explore material properties. Most of the realistic material systems are too large to be simulated with first-principles molecular dynamics. Classical molecular dynamics has lower…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-01-11 Zun Wang , Chong Wang , Sibo Zhao , Shiqiao Du , Yong Xu , Bing-Lin Gu , Wenhui Duan

Proteins are fundamental to biology, executing diverse functions through complex physicochemical interactions, and they hold transformative potential across medicine, materials science, and environmental applications. Protein Language…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-11 Logan Hallee , Nikolaos Rafailidis , David B. Bichara , Jason P. Gleghorn

Protein is linked to almost every life process. Therefore, analyzing the biological structure and property of protein sequences is critical to the exploration of life, as well as disease detection and drug discovery. Traditional protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Yijia Xiao , Jiezhong Qiu , Ziang Li , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Jie Tang

The molecular dynamics simulation code ls1 mardyn is presented. It is a highly scalable code, optimized for massively parallel execution on supercomputing architectures, and currently holds the world record for the largest molecular…

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations remain the gold standard for studying protein dynamics, but their computational cost limits access to biologically relevant timescales. Recent generative models have shown promise in accelerating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Nima Shoghi , Yuxuan Liu , Yuning Shen , Rob Brekelmans , Pan Li , Quanquan Gu

Generative modeling has become a central paradigm in protein research, extending machine learning beyond structure prediction toward sequence design, backbone generation, inverse folding, and biomolecular interaction modeling. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Senura Hansaja Wanasekara , Minh-Duong Nguyen , Xiaochen Liu , Nguyen H. Tran , Ken-Tye Yong

Proteins are central to biological systems, participating as building blocks across all forms of life. Despite advancements in understanding protein functions through protein sequence analysis, there remains potential for further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunqing Liu , Wenqi Fan , Xiaoyong Wei , Qing Li

Understanding protein solubility is essential for their functional applications. Computational methods for predicting protein solubility are crucial for reducing experimental costs and enhancing the efficiency and success rates of protein…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-01 Yang Tan , Jia Zheng , Liang Hong , Bingxin Zhou

Through evolution, nature has presented a set of remarkable protein materials, including elastins, silks, keratins and collagens with superior mechanical performances that play crucial roles in mechanobiology. However, going beyond natural…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-12-19 Bo Ni , David L. Kaplan , Markus J. Buehler

Accurate protein structural ensembles can be determined with metainference, a Bayesian inference method that integrates experimental information with prior knowledge of the system and deals with all sources of uncertainty and errors as well…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-01-24 Thomas Löhr , Carlo Camilloni , Massimiliano Bonomi , Michele Vendruscolo

All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations are a valuable tool for characterizing the conformational ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDP conformational ensembles are highly heterogeneous and contain…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-05-06 Jaya Krishna Koneru , Korey M. Reid , Paul Robustelli

Spatio-temporal deep learning models aims to utilize useful patterns in such data to support tasks like prediction. However, previous deep learning models designed for specific tasks typically require separate training for each use case,…

The biological properties of proteins are uniquely determined by their structure and dynamics. A protein in solution populates a structural ensemble of metastable configurations around the global fold. From overall rotation to local…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-12-09 J. Copperman , M. G. Guenza

Multimodal protein language models (PLMs) integrate sequence and token-based structural information, serving as a powerful foundation for protein modeling, generation, and design. However, the reliance on tokenizing 3D structures into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Cheng-Yen Hsieh , Xinyou Wang , Daiheng Zhang , Dongyu Xue , Fei Ye , Shujian Huang , Zaixiang Zheng , Quanquan Gu

Learning meaningful protein representation is important for a variety of biological downstream tasks such as structure-based drug design. Having witnessed the success of protein sequence pretraining, pretraining for structural data which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Yufei Huang , Lirong Wu , Haitao Lin , Jiangbin Zheng , Ge Wang , Stan Z. Li

We provided a concise and self-contained introduction to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which involves a body of fundamentals needed for all MD users. The associated computer code, simulating a gas of classical particles interacting…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-04-01 Ashkan Shekaari , Mahmoud Jafari

Protein language models have shown remarkable success in learning biological information from protein sequences. However, most existing models are limited by either autoencoding or autoregressive pre-training objectives, which makes them…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-10 Bo Chen , Xingyi Cheng , Pan Li , Yangli-ao Geng , Jing Gong , Shen Li , Zhilei Bei , Xu Tan , Boyan Wang , Xin Zeng , Chiming Liu , Aohan Zeng , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang , Le Song

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide atomistic insights into the structure, dynamics, and function of biomolecules by generating time-resolved, high-dimensional trajectories. Analyzing such data benefits from estimating the minimal…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-02 Irene Cazzaniga , Toni Giorgino

Geometric deep learning has recently achieved great success in non-Euclidean domains, and learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct research area. However, its efficacy is largely constrained due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Fang Wu , Lirong Wu , Dragomir Radev , Jinbo Xu , Stan Z. Li