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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is an emerging technique for scaling large models with sparse activation. MoE models are typically trained in a distributed manner with an expert parallelism scheme, where experts in each MoE layer are distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Fahao Chen , Peng Li , Zicong Hong , Zhou Su , Song Guo

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has become a mainstream architecture for building Large Language Models (LLMs) by reducing per-token computation while enabling model scaling. It can be viewed as partitioning a large Feed-Forward Network (FFN) at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Weilin Cai , Le Qin , Shwai He , Junwei Cui , Ang Li , Jiayi Huang

Imitation learning enables robots to acquire manipulation skills from demonstrations, yet deploying a policy across tasks with heterogeneous dynamics remains challenging, as models tend to average over distinct behavioral modes present in…

Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Mingze Wang , Weinan E

Vision Transformers have emerged as the state-of-the-art models in various Computer Vision tasks, but their high computational and resource demands pose significant challenges. While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) can make these models more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Uranik Berisha , Jens Mehnert , Alexandru Paul Condurache

Multi-Head Mixture-of-Experts (MH-MoE) demonstrates superior performance by using the multi-head mechanism to collectively attend to information from various representation spaces within different experts. In this paper, we present a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Shaohan Huang , Xun Wu , Shuming Ma , Furu Wei

Recent efforts on Diffusion Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have primarily focused on developing more sophisticated routing mechanisms. However, we observe that the underlying architectural configuration space remains markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yahui Liu , Yang Yue , Jingyuan Zhang , Chenxi Sun , Yang Zhou , Wencong Zeng , Ruiming Tang , Guorui Zhou

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture enables a significant increase in the total number of model parameters with minimal computational overhead. However, it is not clear what performance tradeoffs, if any, exist between MoEs and…

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become the standard for state-of-the-art large language models, owing to its computational efficiency through sparse expert activation. However, sparsity through finer expert granularity is becoming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jongseok Park , Sunga Kim , Zhenyu Gu , Ion Stoica , Alvin Cheung

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) technique can scale up the model size of Transformers with an affordable computational overhead. We point out that existing learning-to-route MoE methods suffer from the routing fluctuation issue, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Damai Dai , Li Dong , Shuming Ma , Bo Zheng , Zhifang Sui , Baobao Chang , Furu Wei

Real-world model deployment across multiple domains requires multimodal models to operate under two complementary regimes: (1) multi-task pretraining, tasks are co-available at design time where related tasks could borrow representational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xing Han , Shravan Chaudhari , Tanvi Ranade , Rama Chellappa , Suchi Saria

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) based Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and computational efficiency. However, their deployment is often constrained by substantial memory demands, primarily due to the need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jiawei Hao , Zhiwei Hao , Jianyuan Guo , Li Shen , Yong Luo , Han Hu , Dan Zeng

Building mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture for Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is emerging as a potential direction in parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) for its modular design and remarkable performance. However, simply stacking the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Jinyuan Feng , Zhiqiang Pu , Tianyi Hu , Dongmin Li , Xiaolin Ai , Huimu Wang

In deep learning, mixture-of-experts (MoE) activates one or few experts (sub-networks) on a per-sample or per-token basis, resulting in significant computation reduction. The recently proposed \underline{p}atch-level routing in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Mohammed Nowaz Rabbani Chowdhury , Shuai Zhang , Meng Wang , Sijia Liu , Pin-Yu Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enhance the efficiency of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per token. However, standard MoE employs a fixed Top-K routing strategy, leading to redundant computation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Juntong Wu , Jialiang Cheng , Qishen Yin , Yue Dai , Yuliang Yan , Fuyu Lv , Ou Dan , Li Yuan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a subset of experts per input. However, we observe that the commonly used auxiliary load balancing loss often leads to expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hongcan Guo , Haolang Lu , Guoshun Nan , Bolun Chu , Jialin Zhuang , Yuan Yang , Wenhao Che , Xinye Cao , Sicong Leng , Qimei Cui , Xudong Jiang

The Sparsely-Activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has gained increasing popularity for scaling up large language models (LLMs) without exploding computational costs. Despite its success, the current design faces a challenge where all experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Manxi Sun , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Pengzhi Gao , Bin Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models reduce per-token computation but still require storing and serving all experts, making deployment memory-intensive. Existing post-training compression methods mainly shrink this cost by pruning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yilun Yao , Jiaming Pan , Elsie Dai , Peizhuang Cong , Yaoming Li , Tong Yang

Standard LoRA fine-tuning of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models applies adapters to every expert, yet our profiling shows that per-layer expert routing is highly skewed: a small subset of experts handles most tokens in each layer, while many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Andrea Manzoni

Mixture-of-Experts models enable large language models to scale efficiently, as they only activate a subset of experts for each input. Their core mechanisms, Top-k routing and auxiliary load balancing, remain heuristic, however, lacking a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ye Su , Yong Liu