Related papers: The Average Patient Fallacy

Medical events of interest, such as mortality, often happen at a low rate in electronic medical records, as most admitted patients survive. Training models with this imbalance rate (class density discrepancy) may lead to suboptimal…

Motivation: Medical image analysis involves tasks to assist physicians in qualitative and quantitative analysis of lesions or anatomical structures, significantly improving the accuracy and reliability of diagnosis and prognosis.…

This paper considers making active learning more sensible from a medical perspective. In practice, a disease manifests itself in different forms across patient cohorts. Existing frameworks have primarily used mathematical constructs to…

Artificial intelligence systems, particularly large language models (LLMs), are increasingly being employed in high-stakes decisions that impact both individuals and society at large, often without adequate safeguards to ensure safety,…

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision support systems (CDSS) promise to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in computational pathology. However, human-AI collaboration might introduce automation bias, where users…

Background: The rapid advancement of Machine Learning (ML) represents novel opportunities to enhance public health research, surveillance, and decision-making. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of algorithmic bias,…

Model fairness is becoming important in class-incremental learning for Trustworthy AI. While accuracy has been a central focus in class-incremental learning, fairness has been relatively understudied. However, naively using all the samples…

Artificial intelligence and medicine have a longstanding and proficuous relationship. In the present work we develop a brief assessment of this relationship with specific focus on machine learning, in which we highlight some critical points…

Medical image analysis is a vibrant research area that offers doctors and medical practitioners invaluable insight and the ability to accurately diagnose and monitor disease. Machine learning provides an additional boost for this area.…

In oncology, recurrence after treatment is one of the major challenges, related to patients' survival and quality of life. Conventionally, prediction of cancer relapse has always relied on clinical observation with statistical model…

Objectives: To evaluate the consequences of the framing of machine learning risk prediction models. We evaluate how framing affects model performance and model learning in four different approaches previously applied in published…

Accurate and interpretable image-based diagnosis remains a fundamental challenge in medical AI, particularly under domain shifts and rare-class conditions. Deep learning models often struggle with real-world distribution changes, exhibit…

Machine learning (ML) models have difficulty generalizing when the number of training class instances are numerically imbalanced. The problem of generalization in the face of data imbalance has largely been attributed to the lack of…

The use of machine learning to guide clinical decision making has the potential to worsen existing health disparities. Several recent works frame the problem as that of algorithmic fairness, a framework that has attracted considerable…

Many of the successes of machine learning are based on minimizing an averaged loss function. However, it is well-known that this paradigm suffers from robustness issues that hinder its applicability in safety-critical domains. These issues…

We consider a patient risk models which has access to patient features such as vital signs, lab values, and prior history but does not have access to a patient's diagnosis. For example, this occurs in a model deployed at intake time for…

The rapid growth of healthcare data and advances in computational power have accelerated the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine. However, AI systems deployed without explicit fairness considerations risk exacerbating…

Electronic health record is an important source for clinical researches and applications, and errors inevitably occur in the data, which could lead to severe damages to both patients and hospital services. One of such error is the…

Estimating the prevalence of a medical condition, or the proportion of the population in which it occurs, is a fundamental problem in healthcare and public health. Accurate estimates of the relative prevalence across groups -- capturing,…

To efficiently establish training databases for machine learning methods, collaborative and crowdsourcing platforms have been investigated to collectively tackle the annotation effort. However, when this concept is ported to the medical…