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In this study, the vulnerability of Sub-Saharan African migrants to AI-enabled deception, specifically the risk of exposure to scams targeting them, was evaluated. I hypothesized that the ability to distinguish human-generated content from…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Deborah Oluwasanya

The multi-armed bandit problem is a classical decision-making problem where an agent has to learn an optimal action balancing exploration and exploitation. Properly managing this trade-off requires a correct assessment of uncertainty; in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Fabio Massimo Zennaro , Audun Jøsang

Frontier artificial intelligence (AI) systems present both benefits and risks to society. Safety cases - structured arguments supported by evidence - are one way to help ensure the safe development and deployment of these systems. Yet the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Carmen Cârlan , Francesca Gomez , Yohan Mathew , Ketana Krishna , René King , Peter Gebauer , Ben R. Smith

This paper contributes to the nascent debate around safety cases for frontier AI systems. Safety cases are structured, defensible arguments that a system is acceptably safe to deploy in a given context. Historically, they have been used in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Shaun Feakins , Ibrahim Habli , Phillip Morgan

A large number of statistical decision problems in the social sciences and beyond can be framed as a (contextual) multi-armed bandit problem. However, it is notoriously hard to develop and evaluate policies that tackle these types of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Jules Kruijswijk , Robin van Emden , Petri Parvinen , Maurits Kaptein

Scientific experimentation is largely driven by statistical hypothesis testing to determine significant differences in interventions. Traditionally, experimenters allocate samples uniformly between each intervention. However, such an…

High-quality data plays a central role in ensuring the accuracy of policy evaluation. This paper initiates the study of efficient and safe data collection for bandit policy evaluation. We formulate the problem and investigate its several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Runzhe Wan , Branislav Kveton , Rui Song

What can an agent learn in a stochastic Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem from a dataset that contains just a single sample for each arm? Surprisingly, in this work, we demonstrate that even in such a data-starved setting it may still be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Ruiqi Zhang , Yuexiang Zhai , Andrea Zanette

Frontier AI systems are rapidly advancing in their capabilities to persuade, deceive, and influence human behaviour, with current models already demonstrating human-level persuasion and strategic deception in specific contexts. Humans are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Rishane Dassanayake , Mario Demetroudi , James Walpole , Lindley Lentati , Jason R. Brown , Edward James Young

Frontier AI systems are increasingly capable and deployed in high-stakes multi-agent environments. However, existing AI safety benchmarks largely evaluate single agents, leaving multi-agent risks such as coordination failure and conflict…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Pepijn Cobben , Xuanqiang Angelo Huang , Thao Amelia Pham , Isabel Dahlgren , Terry Jingchen Zhang , Zhijing Jin

Recent advances in learning techniques have garnered attention for their applicability to a diverse range of real-world sequential decision-making problems. Yet, many practical applications have critical constraints for operation in real…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Jose A. Ayala-Romero , Andres Garcia-Saavedra , Xavier Costa-Perez

This technical report presents methods developed by the UK AI Security Institute for assessing whether advanced AI systems reliably follow intended goals. Specifically, we evaluate whether frontier models sabotage safety research when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Alexandra Souly , Robert Kirk , Jacob Merizian , Abby D'Cruz , Xander Davies

Given rapid progress toward advanced AI and risks from frontier AI systems (advanced AI systems pushing the boundaries of the AI capabilities frontier), the creation and implementation of AI governance and regulatory schemes deserves…

Powerful new frontier AI technologies are bringing many benefits to society but at the same time bring new risks. AI developers and regulators are therefore seeking ways to assure the safety of such systems, and one promising method under…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Stephen Barrett , Philip Fox , Joshua Krook , Tuneer Mondal , Simon Mylius , Alejandro Tlaie

Safety evaluation for advanced AI systems assumes that behavior observed under evaluation predicts behavior in deployment. This assumption weakens for agents with situational awareness, which may exploit regime leakage, cues distinguishing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Igor Santos-Grueiro

We study the problem of covert online decision-making in which an agent attempts to identify a parameter governing a system by probing the system while escaping detection from an adversary. The system is modeled as a Markov kernel whose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Meng-Che Chang , Matthieu R. Bloch

Traditional safety engineering assesses systems in their context of use, e.g. the operational design domain (road layout, speed limits, weather, etc.) for self-driving vehicles (including those using AI). We refer to this as downstream…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-13 John McDermid , Yan Jia , Ibrahim Habli

Recently multi-armed bandit problem arises in many real-life scenarios where arms must be sampled in batches, due to limited time the agent can wait for the feedback. Such applications include biological experimentation and online…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-22 Shengyu Cao , Simai He , Ruoqing Jiang , Jin Xu , Hongsong Yuan

Contextual bandit algorithms are essential for solving many real-world interactive machine learning problems. Despite multiple recent successes on statistically and computationally efficient methods, the practical behavior of these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-08 Alberto Bietti , Alekh Agarwal , John Langford

As AI systems begin to automate complex tasks, supervision increasingly relies on weaker models or limited human oversight that cannot fully verify output quality. A model more capable than its supervisors could exploit this gap through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Emil Ryd , Henning Bartsch , Julian Stastny , Joe Benton , Vivek Hebbar