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Standard reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents typically optimizes extrinsic rewards, prioritizing isolated task completion over continual adaptation. Consequently, agents often converge to suboptimal policies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xiaoying Zhang , Zichen Liu , Yipeng Zhang , Xia Hu , Wenqi Shao

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with complex reasoning tasks due to their limitations in addressing the vast reasoning space and inherent ambiguities of natural language. We propose the Mixture-of-Search-Agents (MoSA) paradigm,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Sen Yang , Yafu Li , Wai Lam , Yu Cheng

Language agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in understanding, reasoning, and executing complex tasks. However, developing robust agents presents significant challenges: substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Qianqian Zhang , Jiajia Liao , Heting Ying , Yibo Ma , Haozhan Shen , Jingcheng Li , Peng Liu , Lu Zhang , Chunxin Fang , Kyusong Lee , Ruochen Xu , Tiancheng Zhao

User queries in e-commerce search are often vague, short, and underspecified, making it difficult for retrieval systems to match them accurately against structured product catalogs. This challenge is amplified by the one-to-many nature of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Yipeng Zhang , Bowen Liu , Xiaoshuang Zhang , Aritra Mandal , Canran Xu , Zhe Wu

Long-context handling remains a core challenge for language models: even with extended context windows, models often fail to reliably extract, reason over, and use the information across long contexts. Recent works like Recursive Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Keivan Alizadeh , Parshin Shojaee , Minsik Cho , Mehrdad Farajtabar

Agentic search has emerged as a promising paradigm for complex information seeking by enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to interleave reasoning with tool use. However, prevailing systems rely on monolithic agents that suffer from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yiqun Chen , Lingyong Yan , Zixuan Yang , Erhan Zhang , Jiashu Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiaxin Mao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with many intellectual capacities. While numerous benchmarks assess their intelligence, limited attention has been given to their ability to explore--an essential capacity for discovering new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Lan Pan , Hanbo Xie , Robert C. Wilson

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language tasks requiring complex reasoning, yet their application in agentic, multi-step reasoning within interactive environments remains a difficult challenge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Pranav Putta , Edmund Mills , Naman Garg , Sumeet Motwani , Chelsea Finn , Divyansh Garg , Rafael Rafailov

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess extensive knowledge and commonsense reasoning capabilities, making them valuable for creating powerful agents. However, existing LLM agent frameworks have not fully utilized past experiences for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yufei Xiang , Yiqun Shen , Yeqin Zhang , Cam-Tu Nguyen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for legal argument generation, yet they pose significant risks of manipulation through hallucination and ungrounded persuasion, and often fail to utilize provided factual bases…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li Zhang , Kevin D. Ashley

While language models (LMs) have shown potential across a range of decision-making tasks, their reliance on simple acting processes limits their broad deployment as autonomous agents. In this paper, we introduce Language Agent Tree Search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Andy Zhou , Kai Yan , Michal Shlapentokh-Rothman , Haohan Wang , Yu-Xiong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in conversational systems by generating human-like responses. However, they can fall short, especially when required to account for personalization or specific knowledge. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Soyeong Jeong , Aparna Elangovan , Emine Yilmaz , Oleg Rokhlenko

Deep search has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling agents to retrieve fine-grained historical information without heavy memory pre-managed. However, existing deep search agents for memory system repeat past error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Xinyuan Wang , Wenyu Mao , Junkang Wu , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

While Large Language Models (LLMs) provide semantic flexibility for robotic task planning, their susceptibility to hallucination and logical inconsistency limits their reliability in long-horizon domains. To bridge the gap between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Keru Hua , Ding Wang , Yaoying Gu , Xiaoguang Ma

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents capabilities of…

Recent deep research agents primarily improve performance by scaling reasoning depth, but this leads to high inference cost and latency in search-intensive scenarios. Moreover, generalization across heterogeneous research settings remains…

Search agents have emerged as a pivotal paradigm for solving open-ended, knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. However, training these agents via Reinforcement Learning (RL) faces a critical dilemma: interacting with live commercial Web APIs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Xichen Zhang , Ziyi He , Yinghao Zhu , Sitong Wu , Shaozuo Yu , Meng Chu , Wenhu Zhang , Haoru Tan , Jiaya Jia

In this paper, we introduce Rank-R1, a novel LLM-based reranker that performs reasoning over both the user query and candidate documents before performing the ranking task. Existing document reranking methods based on large language models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bevan Koopman , Jimmy Lin , Guido Zuccon

Designing efficient reward functions for low-level control tasks is a challenging problem. Recent research aims to reduce reliance on expert experience by using Large Language Models (LLMs) with task information to generate dense reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ning Gao , Xiuhui Zhang , Xingyu Jiang , Mukang You , Mohan Zhang , Yue Deng

With the improving semantic understanding capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), they exhibit a greater awareness and alignment with human values, but this comes at the cost of transparency. Although promising results are achieved via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Nafis Tanveer Islam , Zhiming Zhao