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Related papers: Balanced Fibonacci word rectangles, and beyond

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In this paper, we survey the rich theory of infinite episturmian words which generalize to any finite alphabet, in a rather resembling way, the well-known family of Sturmian words on two letters. After recalling definitions and basic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-16 Amy Glen , Jacques Justin

A balanced word is one in which any two factors of the same length contain the same number of each letter of the alphabet up to one. Finite binary balanced words are called Sturmian words. A Sturmian word is bispecial if it can be extended…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-15 Gabriele Fici

In the study of infinite words, various notions of balancedness provide quantitative measures for how regularly letters or factors occur, and they find applications in several areas of mathematics and theoretical computer science. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-04 Bastiàn Espinoza , Pierre Popoli , Manon Stipulanti

We prove that the existence of finite combinatorial objects such as affine planes, mutually orthogonal Latin squares, and resolvable balanced incomplete block designs can be reformulated as the existence of certain algorithmic reductions…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-21 Damir D. Dzhafarov , Jun le Goh

In this paper, we introduce a particular class of matrices. We study the concept of a matrix to be \emph{balanced}. We study some properties of this concept in the context of matrix operations. We examine the behaviour of various matrix…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2026-03-12 Theophilus Agama , Gael Kibiti

In 2013, Fici and Zamboni proved a number of theorems about finite and infinite words having only a small number of factors that are palindromes. In this paper we rederive some of their results, and obtain some new ones, by a different…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Lukas Fleischer , Jeffrey Shallit

This paper studies balancedness for infinite words and subshifts, both for letters and factors. Balancedness is a measure of disorder that amounts to strong convergence properties for frequencies. It measures the difference between the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Valérie Berthé , Paulina Cecchi Bernales

In this paper, we analyze the density of the Fibonacci word and its derived forms by examining the morphisms associated with each. It offers a comparative analysis of the density of Fibonacci numbers alongside other words derived from…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

We describe a technique for mechanically proving certain kinds of theorems in combinatorics on words, using automata and a package for manipulating them. We illustrate our technique by solving, purely mechanically, an open problem of Currie…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-30 Dane Henshall , Jeffrey Shallit

This paper considers the properties of Tribonacci numbers on identities, matrices, and determinants. In the first front part, we obtain several symmetric identities of Tribonacci numbers by a matrix-based approach and binomial inversion…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Takao Komatsu , Tengfei Shen

We derive a general recurrence relation for squares of Fibonacci-like numbers. Various properties are developed, including double binomial summation identites.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-01-09 Kunle Adegoke , Tokunbo Omiyinka

Recently the Fibonacci word $W$ on an infinite alphabet was introduced by [Zhang et al., Electronic J. Combinatorics 24-2 (2017) #P2.52] as a fixed point of the morphism $\phi: (2i) \mapsto (2i)(2i+ 1),\ (2i+ 1) \mapsto (2i+ 2)$ over all $i…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-29 Amy Glen , Jamie Simpson , W. F. Smyth

We give asymptotic formulas for the number of balanced words whose slope $\alpha$ and intercept $\rho$ lie in a prescribed rectangle. They are related to uniform distribution of Farey fractions and Riemann Hypothesis. In the general case,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-26 Shigeki Akiyama

G. Rauzy showed that the Tribonacci minimal subshift generated by the morphism $\tau: 0\mapsto 01, 1\mapsto 02 and 2\mapsto 0$ is measure-theoretically conjugate to an exchange of three fractal domains on a compact set in $R^2$, each domain…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-05-17 Gwénaël Richomme , Kalle Saari , Luca Q. Zamboni

We investigate the lengths and starting positions of the longest monochromatic arithmetic progressions for a fixed difference in the Fibonacci word. We provide a complete classification for their lengths in terms of a simple formula. Our…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-06-12 Gandhar Joshi , Dan Rust

In this paper, we study norms of circulant and $r-$circulant matrices involving harmonic Fibonacci and hyperharmonic Fibonacci numbers. We obtain inequalities by using matrix norms.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-03-28 Naim Tuglu , Can Kizilateş

We revisit the question of classification of balanced circular words and focus on the case of a ternary alphabet. We propose a $3$-dimensional generalisation of the discrete approximation representation of Christoffel words. By considering…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-03 D. V. Bulgakova , N. Buzhinsky , Y. O. Goncharov

We offer several new summation identities involving harmonic numbers, odd harmonic numbers, and Fibonacci numbers. Our results are derived using three different approaches: partial summation, polynomial identities and binomial…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Kunle Adegoke , Segun Olofin Akerele , Robert Frontczak

Recent results about sums of cubes of Fibonacci numbers [Frontczak, 2018] are extended to arbitrary powers.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-07-19 Helmut Prodinger

We introduce a new geometric approach to Sturmian words by means of a mapping that associates certain lines in the n x n -grid and sets of finite Sturmian words of length n. Using this mapping, we give new proofs of the formulas enumerating…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-01-24 Kaisa Matomäki , Kalle Saari